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. 2019 Nov 8;19(22):4861. doi: 10.3390/s19224861

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© 2019 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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LED–PACT-imaging of vascular oxygen saturation using a human-finger-mimicking phantom. (a) Schematic sketch of a typical human finger with the location of bones and the blood vessels (oxy rich: HbO₂; oxy poor: Hb). (b,c) The side and the top view photographs of the finger phantom consisting of bone and blood vessels. (d) The ultrasound (US), (e) photoacoustic (PA), and (f) co-registered PA–US frames acquired at one of the rotational steps during the 360 degree rotation around the phantom. (g,h) The reconstructed 3-D volume-rendered PACT images of the finger phantom using 850 nm and 690 nm LED illuminations, respectively. (i) The spectrally unmixed volumetric oxygen saturation map for the finger phantom.