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Ech A impact on mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) in vitro. CFSE-labeled human mononuclear cells (MNCs) were cultured for five days in the presence of mitogen or antibodies for CD3/28 with or without Ech A treatment, then the percentage of proliferated cells was evaluated using flow cytometry. The proliferation of both MNCs (A,B) and T cells (C,D) was reduced by Ech A treatment in a dose-dependent manner. VC, vehicle-treated control. ** P < 0.01. Results are shown as mean ± SD.
