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. 2019 Oct 31;17(11):622. doi: 10.3390/md17110622

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© 2019 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Ech A impact on M1/M2 macrophage polarization in vitro. (A) After five days of M1 induction, TNF-α concentration in the culture supernatant was measured by ELISA to estimate the M1 polarization efficiency. It is noted that Ech A prevented M1 polarization in vitro in a dose-dependent manner. (B) The IL-10 secretion level was determined using ELISA to evaluate the spontaneous M2 induction efficiency. Ech A treated macrophages were differentiated into M2 macrophages more effectively compared to vehicle-treated cells; (–), no induction control; (+), polarization induced control. The p-value significance was calculated by comparing other groups against the (+) and (–) groups (marked as +) in A and B, respectively. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001. Results are shown as mean ± SD.