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. 2019 Nov 18;24(22):4180. doi: 10.3390/molecules24224180

Table 1.

GC×GC-TOFMS analysis for volatiles in six Indonesian rice varieties.

No Compounds Retention Time (s) Mass 3 References Odour Strength 4 Odour Description 4
1D 1 2D 2
1 Pentanal C1 435 2.11 58 [20,21,22,23,24,25] High, 1% Bready; fruity; nutty; berry
2 Acetic acid 455 4.41 60 [21,22,26] High, 10% Pungent; sour; vinegar
3 2-Methylfuran C2 495 2.59 53 [22] Medium, 1% Ethereal; acetone; chocolate
4 Pyridine C3 505 2.60 79 [21,23,25,27] Very high, 0.01% Sour; putrid; fishy; amine
5 1-Pentanol C4 520 2.47 42 [12,21,23,25] High, 10% Pungent; fermented; bread; yeasty; fusel; winey
6 Toluene C5 525 2.14 91 [21,22,23] Sweet
7 2-Hexanone 540 2.16 43 [23,28] High, 1% Fruity; fungal; meaty; buttery
8 Hexanal C6 550 2.17 56 [12,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,29,30,31] High, 1% Fresh; green; fatty; grass; leafy; fruity; sweaty
9 Furfural C7 585 3.38 95 [23,25,26,27,32,33] Medium, 1% Sweet; woody; almond; fragrant baked; bread
10 2-Methylpyridine 590 2.45 93 [23,27] Astringent; hazelnut
11 1,3-Octadiene * 600 1.99 54
12 1-Hexanol C8 645 2.45 56 [12,23,29] Medium, 10% Pungent; ethereal; fusel; oil; fruity; alcoholic; sweet with a green top note
13 1,3-Dimethylbenzene 655 2.14 91 [12,23,29] Fried; medicine; nut; plastic; rancid
14 2-Heptanone C9 665 2.18 58 [20,21,22,23,26,27,29] High, 10% Cheesy; fruity; spicy; sweet; herbal; coconut; woody
15 2-Butylfuran C10 680 2.09 81 [21,23,29,30] Medium Mild; fruity; wine; sweet; spicy
16 Heptanal C11 680 2.17 70 [20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,29] High, 1% Fresh; fatty; green; herbal
17 Styrene 680 2.30 104 [21,26,27]
18 1,2-Dimethylbenzene C12 685 2.18 91 [12,21] Geranium
19 2-Acetyl-1-pyrroline C13 700 2.45 43 [12,20,21,23,24,25,30,31,34] Medium, 1% Popcorn; toasted; grain; malty
20 2-Methyl-5-isopropenylfuran C14 730 2.18 122 [22] Medium Sweet; spearmint; herbal
21 (Z)-2-heptenal C15 750 2.32 41 [20,22,23,29] High, 1% Pungent; green; vegetable; fresh; fatty
22 Benzaldehyde C16 750 2.98 105 [20,21,23,25,26,27,29,30] High, 10% Bitter; almond; burnt sugar; cherry; malt; roasted pepper
23 1-Ethyl-4-methylbenzene 775 2.14 105 [21,23]
24 1-Heptanol C17 775 2.39 70 [12,22,27,30] Medium, 10% Musty; leafy; herbal; green; sweet; woody
25 Benzonitrile 775 3.27 103 [29]
26 1-Octen-3-ol C19 785 2.43 57 [20,22,23,24,25,27,30,31] High, 10% Earthy; green; oily; vegetative; fungal
27 6-Methyl-5-hepten-2-one C18 785 2.26 43 [20,21,23,24,25] Medium, 10% Citrus; green; musty; lemongrass
28 Phenol C20 790 2.99 66 [12,23,26,29] High, 0.01% Phenolic
29 2-Octanone C21 795 2.18 58 [22,23,25] Med, 10% Earthy; weedy; natural; woody
30 2,4,6-Trimethylpyridine ** 800 2.30 121
31 2-Pentylfuran C22 805 2.09 81 [20,21,22,23,24,27,29,30] High, 10% Fruity, green, earthy beany with vegetable-like nuances
32 α-Myrcene C23 810 2.02 93 [35] Med, 5% Peppery; terpene; spicy; balsam
33 Octanal C24 810 2.17 43 [20,21,22,23,24,25,27,29,30,31] High, 1% Waxy; citrus; orange peel; fatty
34 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 815 2.18 105 [22,23] Pesticide
35 α-Phellandrene 835 2.03 93 [29] Med, 5% Citrus; herbal; terpene; green; woody; peppery
36 1,2,4-Trimethyl benzene 850 2.22 105 [23,30] pesticide, plastic
37 1-Nitro-hexane 850 2.49 43 [30]
38 3-Octen-2-one C25 850 2.30 55 [21,22,23,27] High, 1% Earthy; spicy; herbal; sweet; mushroom
39 Benzene acetaldehyde C26 850 3.00 91 [21,22,25,27] High, 2% Honey; floral; rose; sweet; cocoa
40 1-Ethyl-2-methylbenzene 860 2.26 105 [22]
41 Isobutyl nonyl ester oxalic acid 860 2.16 57 [24]
42 Eucalyptol C27 865 2.06 43 [20,27] High, 10% Eucalyptus; herbal; camphor
43 (E)-2-octenal C28 875 2.30 70 [20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,29,30] High, 1% Fresh; cucumber; fatty; green; herbal
44 Indene 875 2.46 115 [26]
45 (Z)-3,7-Dimethyl-1,3,6-octatriene C29 880 2.05 93 [26] Medium Tropical; green; woody with vegetable nuances
46 1-Phenyl-ethanone C30 885 2.93 105 [25,27,29]
47 Dihydromyrcenol 900 2.26 59
48 1-Octanol C31 900 2.33 56 [20,21,22,23,25,27,30,31] Medium 10% Waxy; green; orange; rose; mushroom
49 Decane 910 2.11 57 [21,22,23,30] Alkane; odour
50 3,5-Octadien-2-one C32 915 2.52 95 [34] High, 1% Fruity; fatty; mushroom
51 Guaiacol C33 915 3.57 109 [32,36] High, 1% Phenolic; smoke; spice; vanilla woody
52 2-Nonanone C34 920 2.17 58 [20,22,23] Medium Fresh; sweet; green; weedy earthy herbal
53 6-Methyl-3,5-heptadiene-2-one C35 930 2.54 109 [22,25] Citrus; fruits
54 1-octen-3-yl acetate * 940 2.08 43 Medium Fresh; green; herbal; lavender; fruity oily
55 α-Terpinolene 935 2.06 93 [35] Medium, 1% Sweet; fresh; piney; citrus with a woody old lemon peel nuance
56 Nonanal C36 935 2.17 57 [12,20,21,22,23,25,26,27,30] High, 1% Aldehydic; citrus; cucumber fattiness
57 Linalool C37 935 2.33 93 [23,27] Medium Citrus; floral; sweet; woody; green; blueberry
58 Decane 940 2.08 57 [22,23,26,30]
59 Tridecane 950 1.93 43 [23,29,30]
60 Tetradecane 955 1.92 57 [12,21,22,23,29,30]
61 o-Cymene C38 970 2.15 119 [29]
62 (E)-2-nonenal C39 995 2.30 55 [20,21,23,24,25,27,30,31] High, 1% Fatty; green cucumber; citrus
63 1,2,3,4-tetramethyl-benzene 1005 2.24 119 [21,23]
64 2-Decen-1-ol C40 1010 2.14 82 [24] Medium Waxy; fresh air; citrus
65 2-Pentylthiophene 1010 2.17 97 High 0.1% Fruity; fatty; cranberry
66 Ethyl ester benzoic acid C41 1010 2.53 105 [25] Medium Fruity; dry musty; sweet; wintergreen
67 1-Nonanol 1015 2.30 56 [12,22,23,27,30] Medium Fresh; fatty; floral; rose; orange; dusty; wet; oily
68 Undecane 1025 1.94 43 [21,22,23,29] Alkane odour
69 (+)-Isomenthol * 1030 2.38 71 Medium, 10% Mentholic; musty; woody
70 2-Decanone 1035 2.17 58 [23,27] Medium Orange; floral; fatty; peach
71 Ethyl ester octanoic acid C42 1040 2.09 88 [21] Medium Fruity; wine; waxy; sweet; apricot banana; brandy; pear
72 Naphthalene 1040 2.73 128 [21,23,24,26,27,29,30,34] Naphthalene
73 Estragole * 1045 2.44 148 Medium Sweet; sassafrass; anise spice; green herbal; fennel
74 Decanal C43 1050 2.17 57 [20,21,23,25,26,27,29,30,31] High, 1% Sweet, aldehydic, orange, waxy and citrus rind
75 2,4-Nonadienal C44 1055 2.50 81 [21,22,23,30,31] High, 0.1% Fatty; green cucumber
76 Dodecane C45 1065 1.94 43 [21,22,23,30] Alkane odour
77 Benzothiazole C46 1075 3.36 69 [21,23,24,34] High, 0.1% Sulphur-like; rubbery; vegetable; Cooked; nutty; coffee; meat
78 (Z)-2-decenal C47 1110 2.28 70 [22,23,31] High, 0.1% Waxy; fatty; earthy; green; mushroom
79 Citral C48 1115 2.41 69 [22,23] Medium Sharp lemon; sweet
80 Ethyl ester decanoic acid 1115 2.22 88 [21] Medium Sweet; waxy; fruity; apple; grape; oily; brandy
81 Nonanoic acid 1115 3.90 73 [23,25,26] Medium, 10% Waxy; dirty; cheese cultured; dairy
82 1-Decanol 1130 2.02 83 [23,24] Medium Fatty; waxy; floral; orange sweet; clean watery
83 Trans-anethole * 1140 2.57 148 High, 10% Sweet anise; liquorice
84 1H-indole C49 1145 1.54 117 [21,22,24,30] High, 1% Pungent; floral; animalic; musty; character
85 2-Butyl-1-octanol 1160 1.95 57 [22] Solvents
86 Undecanal C50 1160 2.14 82 [21,23] High, 1% Waxy; soapy; floral; aldehydic; citrus; green; fatty
87 2,4-Decadienal C51 1165 2.46 81 [23,25,26,27,30,31] High, 1% Orange; sweet; fresh; citrus fatty; green
88 2,6-Dimethyl-heptadecane 1180 1.95 57 [22]
89 Dihydro-5-pentyl-2(3H)-furanone 1200 2.95 85 [21,26] Medium Creamy; oily with fatty nuances
90 Decanoic acid 1215 3.74 60 [25,26] Medium, 1% Unpleasant rancid; sour; fatty; citrus
91 E-2-undecenal 1215 2.27 70 [23,26,30] High, 1% Fresh fruity; citrus; orange peel
92 Pentadecane 1220 1.94 57 [21,22,23]
93 Geranyl acetate 1230 2.22 69 [20,23,31] Medium, 5% Floral; rosy; waxy; herbal and green with a slight cooling nuance
94 Hexadecane 1365 1.94 57 [21,22,23,30] Alkane; root
95 Biphenyl 1240 2.72 154 [30] High, 0.1% Pungent; rose; green; geranium
96 1-ethyl-naphthalene 1260 2.60 156 [30] fatty; earthy
97 Dodecanal 1260 2.16 57 [26,31] High, 10% Soapy; waxy; aldehydic; citrus; green; floral
98 (E)-6,10-dimethyl-5,9-undecadien-2-one 1300 2.26 43 [21,25,30] Medium Fresh; rose; leaf; floral; green; magnolia; aldehydic
99 1,3-dimethyl-naphthalene 1305 2.71 141 [30]
100 Trans-caryophyllene 1305 2.08 93 [21] Medium Spicy; woody and terpenic
101 α-Ionone 1340 2.36 177 [31] Medium, 10% Floral; woody; sweet; fruity; berry; tropical; beeswax
102 2,4-Bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-phenol 1355 2.95 191 [24] Phenolic
103 Methyl ester dodecanoic acid 1365 2.123 74 [21] Medium Waxy; soapy; creamy; coconut; mushroom
104 α-Copaene 1370 2.11 105 [35] Medium Woody; spicy; honey
105 Lilyall 1370 2.46 189 [30] Medium Floral; muguet; watery; green; powdery; cumin
106 1S,cis-calamenene 1385 2.19 159 [21]
107 2,3,6-Trimethyl-naphthalene 1405 2.65 155 [30] Fruity; dry
108 2-Undecanone 1515 2.18 58 [20,21,22,23] Waxy; fruity; creamy; fatty; floral
109 Methyl ester decanoic acid 1535 2.14 74 [21] Medium Oily; wine; fruity; floral
110 2,6-Diisopropylnaphthalene 1555 2.42 197 [21]
111 Tetradecanoic acid 1560 3.22 60 [25] Low, 10% Faint; waxy and fatty with a hint of pineapple and citrus peel
112 2-Ethylhexyl salicylate 1610 2.39 120 [30] Low Mild; orchid; sweet; balsam
113 6,10,14-Trimethyl-2-pentadecanone 1630 2.16 58 [22] Low Oily; herbal; jasmine; celery; woody
114 2-Pentadecanone 1670 2.25 58 [30] Medium, 10% Fresh; jasmine; celery
115 Methyl ester hexadecanoic acid 1690 2.22 74 [21]
116 Hexadecanoic acid 1715 3.67 60 [21,23,30] Low, 1% Low heavy waxy with a creamy; candle waxy nuance
117 Hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester 1740 2.26 88 [25] Low mild waxy; fruity; creamy milky balsam
118 1-Hexadecanol 1920 2.26 97 [24] Low Waxy; floral
119 Heptacosane 2215 2.45 71 [22]

* Reported for the first time in rice samples and the identification was confirmed by standard compounds. ** Internal standard. 1 1D refers to one-dimensional gas chromatography (GC) separation (in the first column). 2 2D refers to two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) separation (in the second column). 3 Unique mass spectra. The NIST Mass Spectral Database was used to identify volatile compounds from GC×GC coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOFM) analyses. 4 www.thegoodscentscompany.com. Cn Odour-active compounds for principal component analysis PCA (n = running number of selected compounds). Key-marker compounds are presented in bold letters.