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Astaxanthin biosynthesis in engineered C. glutamicum. Astaxanthin biosynthesis with DMAPP (dimethylallyl pyrophosphate) and IPP (isopentenyl pyrophosphate) as precursors involves seven enzymes: endogenous Idi: isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase, IdsA: GGPP synthase, CrtB: phytoene synthase and CrtI: phytoene desaturase; as well as heterologous CrtY: lycopene cyclase, CrtW: β-carotene ketolase and CrtZ: β-carotene hydroxylase.
