Table 2.

Pre-arrest and intra-arrest prognostic factors and associated odds of survival after in-hospital cardiac arrest

Prognostic factors	Model adjusted data
	Studies	OR (95% CI)	P*	I2 (%)	GRADE certainty†
Pre-arrest factors
Demographics:
Male sex	7	0.84 (0.73 to 0.95)	0.007	66	Moderate
Age ≥60	3	0.50 (0.40 to 0.62)	<0.001	50	Low
Age ≥70	2	0.42 (0.18 to 0.99)	0.050	69	Low
Comorbidities at admission:
Active malignancy	4	0.57 (0.45 to 0.71)	<0.001	71	High
Congestive heart failure	1	0.62 (0.56 to 0.68)	<0.001	NA	Moderate
Chronic kidney disease	5	0.56 (0.40 to 0.78)	0.001	92	High
COPD	1	0.65 (0.58 to 0.72)	<0.001	NA	Moderate
Diabetes mellitus	1	0.53 (0.34 to 0.83)	0.005	NA	Moderate
Admission diagnosis:
Acute coronary syndrome	2	0.70 (0.28 to 1.78)	0.460	99	Low
Sepsis	1	0.80 (0.70 to 0.91)	0.001	NA	Moderate
Intra-arrest factors
Witnessed arrest	4	2.71 (2.17 to 3.38)	<0.001	68	High
Monitored patient	6	2.23 (1.41 to 3.52)	<0.001	97	High
Arrest during daytime hours	5	1.41 (1.20 to 1.66)	<0.001	94	High
Ventricular tachycardia	4	3.76 (2.95 to 4.78)	<0.001	85	High
Ventricular fibrillation	4	3.68 (2.68 to 5.05)	<0.001	94	High
Asystole	4	0.42 (0.32 to 0.56)	<0.001	12	High
Pulseless electrical activity	2	0.59 (0.27 to 1.27)	0.180	77	High
Shockable rhythm	12	5.28 (3.78 to 7.39)	<0.001	96	High
Intubation during arrest	5	0.54 (0.42 to 0.70)	<0.001	73	Moderate
Resuscitation duration ≥15 min	2	0.12 (0.07 to 0.19)	<0.001	27	High

COPD=chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; GRADE=grading of recommendations, assessment, development, and evaluation; NA=not applicable; OR=odds ratio.

^*P values obtained from the test for overall effect.

^†GRADE certainty of estimates in studies of prognosis, as described by Iorio and colleagues.²⁵