Table 2.

Early ethnographic records from Native Americans.

According to Moerman (2003)	According to original sources	Source, page	Comments
Root used to make a wash for swellings		Smith (1923)	Original not available online
Poultice of moistened, fresh or dried leaves used for bruises or to remove a sliver	Chew the fresh leaves and stalk, apply as a poultice [on bruise]	Densmore (1928), p. 353	Page mismatch – the description corresponds with the next line
Poultice of roasted and mashed root applied to boils	Bella Coola: Root roasted in ashes, mashed between hands or stones, and applied to boils. Southern Carrier: Not used. Gitksan: Not used	Smith (1929), p. 60
Poultice of pounded root applied to boils and carbuncles	“Great Willow-herb (Epilobium angustifolium L.), “o' ca cadji’ bikes” [slippery or soap root] … The Flambeau Ojibwe say that the outer rind of this root lathers in water, and they pound it to make a poultice. This is used to draw out inflammation from a boil or carbuncle. With white men, it is a demulcent, tonic and astringent. It has been used internally for its tonic effect on mucous surfaces and its value in intestinal disorders.”	Smith (1932), p. 376	Emphasis ours
Plant used as a medicine for unspecified ailments	“Fireweed (Epilobium angustifolium L.) … “kêgi'nano'kûk” [sharp pointed weed]. While the Forest Potawatomi use this for medicine, its use was not explained. Among the whites (Nickell, 1911) the leaves and the root have both been used for their tonic, astringent, demulcent and emollient properties.”	Smith (1933), p. 66	Emphasis ours