Table 2.

Prognostic values of other biomarkers studied simultaneously with serum PCT levels

Study	Other biomarkers	Comments on other biomarkers
Ren et al. [33]	HSP70, WBC	- HSP70 and WBC levels were elevated at 1–6 h post injury while PCT increased 24 h post - Magnitude of HSP70 increased was related to the severity of injury - Increased HSP70 24 h post injury suggested infection
Rajkumari et al. [35]	CRP	- No difference in CRP levels between patients with and without sepsis - PCT and CRP did not correlate with SOFA score
Haasper et al. [37]	IL-6	- IL-6 levels peaked on day 0, while PCT peaked levels peaked on day 1 - Significant difference in IL-6 and PCT levels between patients with and without MODS - No difference in IL-6 and PCT levels between patients with and without sepsis
Keel et al. [38]	PSP, CRP, IL-6	- Significant difference in PSP levels between patients with and without sepsis during hospital stay - Slow induction of CRP with peak levels reaching day 3. Significant difference in CRP levels between patients with and without sepsis on day 7 after trauma - Peak IL-6 levels of day 0 after trauma. Significantly higher IL-6 levels in septic patients after day 5 compared to patients with no infection - Peak PCT on day 1. Significant PCT levels between patients with sepsis and without on days 1, 3, 5, 7, and 14 - No difference in CRP, PCT, and IL-6 levels between patients with sepsis and local infection
Castelli et al. [39]	CRP	- No difference in CRP levels between patients with and without sepsis - CRP did not correlate with SOFA score
Billeter et al. [40]	CRP, IL-6, lactate	-IL-6 peaked on day 1 after trauma - Significant difference in IL-6 levels between patients with or without sepsis on days 3 and 5. No difference after day 5 - Slow induction of CRP with peak levels reaching between days 3 and 7 - Significant difference in CRP levels between patients with or without sepsis on days 5, 7, and 14 - Insufficient 24-h lactate clearance was associated with high rate of mortality and sepsis
Balci et al. [42]	CRP	- CRP levels were higher only in cases of severe sepsis or septic shock, but not in cases of sepsis alone - Significant difference in CRP level between survivors and non-survivors on days 1 and 7
Castelli et al. [43]	CRP	- Slow induction of CRP after trauma - No correlation between CRP levels and sepsis - CRP levels correlated with SOFA score
Ertugrul et al. [44]	CRP	- No difference in CRP levels between infected and non-infected groups
Meisner et al. [45]	CRP	- CRP levels peaked on day 3 (slow induction) - No correlation between CRP levels and posttraumatic complications including sepsis, MODS, and mortality
Egger et al. [46]	PMN migration, CRP, IL-6, IL-8, NT, lactate, cortisol, Elastase, MDA	- PMN migration was a highly sensitive predictive marker for infection - No difference in the other biomarker levels between infected and non-infected groups
Hensler et al. [47]	Neopetrin (NT)	- NT level decreased on day 0 after trauma, followed by an increase on days 1 and 2 - Both PCT and NT were unable to differentiate between patients who developed sepsis or not - No difference between PCT or NT levels of survivors and non-survivors - No difference in NT levels between patients with and without MOF
Oberholzer et al. [49]	IL-6	Both PCT and IL-6 levels peaked on day 1 after trauma Both PCT and IL-6 levels were significantly higher in septic patients compared with patients without sepsis Both PCT and IL-6 levels were significantly higher in patients who developed MODS compared with patients without MODS
Mimoz et al. [51]	CRP	- PCT levels peaked on day 1 while CRP levels peaked on day 2 after trauma - Both peak PCT and CRP levels were higher in patients who subsequently developed MODS

Abbreviations: HAI hospital-acquired infection, CRP C-reactive protein, IL interleukin, PCT procalcitonin, NT neopetrin, PMN polymorphonuclear leucocyte, PSP pancreatic stone protein, SOFA sequential organ failure assessment, MODS multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, MDA malondialdehyde