Table 2.

Difference (95%CI) in brain volumes by prenatal air pollution exposure to PM_2.5 (interquartile range increase) in 186 children.

Volumes, mm3	PM2.5 exposure periods
	1st Trimester			2nd Trimester			3rd Trimester			Whole pregnancy
	β (95%CI)	pa	p FDRb	β (95%CI)	pa	p FDRb	β (95%CI)	pa	p FDRb	β (95%CI)	pa	p FDRb
Gray Matter	2890 (−1508, 7287)	0.196	0.464	1835 (−3272, 6942)	0.479	0.583	1124 (−4700, 6948)	0.704	0.800	2094 (−2562, 6750)	0.376	0.526
White Matter	215.7 (−3536, 3967)	0.910	0.910	−200.9 (−4543, 4141)	0.859	0.891	−2226 (−7162, 2710)	0.375	0.526	−582.6 (−4544, 3379)	0.772	0.831
Corpus callosum
Total	−48.7 (−106.2, 8.7)	0.096	0.361	−35.6 (−102.4, 31.2)	0.295	0.504	−93.9 (−169.0, −18.8)	0.015	0.210	−57.2 (−117.7, 3.4)	0.064	0.299
Anterior	−9.5 (−27.7, 8.8)	0.306	0.504	−9.1 (−30.2, 12.0)	0.397	0.529	−24.8 (−48.7, −0.95)	0.042	0.294	−13.6 (−32.9, 5.6)	0.164	0.464
Body	−28.9 (−58.3, 0.36)	0.053	0.297	−22.3 (−56.4, 11.8)	0.199	0.464	−53.7 (−92.0, −15.5)	0.006	0.168	−33.8 (−64.7, −2.9)	0.032	0.294
Posterior	−10.3 (−29.6, 9.0)	0.295	0.504	−4.2 (−26.6, 18.2)	0.714	0.800	−15.4 (−40.8, 10.1)	0.235	0.494	−9.7 (−30.1, 10.7)	0.348	0.526
Lateral ventricles	590.5 (−120.4, 1301)	0.103	0.361	323.2 (−504.5, 1151)	0.441	0.561	553.8 (−387.2, 1495)	0.247	0.494	498.4 (−254.5, 1251)	0.193	0.464

Difference (95% CI) in brain structures adjusted for age at MRI, sex, intracranial volume, maternal education, residential neighborhood socioeconomic status, birthweight and mother's smoking status during pregnancy.

Abbreviations:PM_2.5, Particle Matter with a diameter of 2.5 μm or less.

^aRaw p values not adjusted for multiple comparisons.

^bFalse-discovery rate–corrected p values.