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. 2019 Jul 3;25(7):1082–1088. doi: 10.1038/s41591-019-0505-4

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© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature America, Inc. 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — a, CdtB-, PltA- and PltB-specific IFN-γ-producing PBMCs at baseline, day 14 and 28 after challenge. n^Wild-type = 21, n^TN = 19, Wilcoxon signed-rank test for within-group comparisons on paired samples. b, Magnitude of ASC response at typhoid diagnosis. n^Wild-type = 11, n^TN = 10; two-sided Mann–Whitney U-test. The box plots display the median and IQR. c, Plasma cytokine profiles after challenge with wild-type and TN S. Typhi. Heatmap showing log₂ fold change in MFI for each cytokine (rows) and participant (columns) at time of diagnosis relative to baseline. n^Wild-type = 15, n^TN = 15. Rows are annotated by significance of cytokine up- or downregulation relative to baseline in each challenge group (white, significant after adjustment for multiple testing; light gray, significant before adjustment; dark gray, non-significant). Two-sided moderated t-test with Benjamin–Hochberg correction. Clustering by Euclidean distance. FDR, false discovery rate. d, Volcano plots illustrate plasma cytokine up/downregulation at typhoid diagnosis in wild-type and TN challenge groups, with adjustment for baseline. The size of each point reflects average abundance (log₂MFI) in the plasma. n^Wild-type = 15, blue; n^TN = 15, red. e, Principal component plot of log₂ fold change in MFI relative to baseline for each participant. Ellipses are drawn with a 95% confidence level. n^Wild-type = 15, n^TN = 15. FGFB, basic fibroblast growth factor; GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; M-CSF, macrophage colony-stimulating factor.

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