Table 3.
Adjusted ORs and 95% CIs for Incident AMD From Visit 3 (1993–1995) to Visit 5 (2011–2013) by Tertiles of 25(OH)D Stratified by Race, Age, Sex, Smoking Status, and BMI: ARIC Study Participants With Gradable Eye Photos at Visit 3 and Visit 5 and Available Serum 25(OH)D at Visit 2 (1990–1992) (N = 1225)
| Model |
Tertiles of 25(OH)D, nM, Range |
P
Trend* |
||
|
Tertile 1 (10.8–53.6) |
Tertile 2 (53.7–69.3) |
Tertile 3 (69.4–173.0) |
||
| Age group, y | ||||
| ≤ Median of 55 years, n = 642 | ||||
| No. with outcome/No. total | 10/223 | 14/199 | 16/220 | |
| Model 1† | 1 | 1.20 (0.50–2.86) | 1.17 (0.50–2.77) | 0.85 |
| Weighted‡ | 1 | 1.36 (0.52–3.55) | 1.31 (0.49–3.47) | 0.62 |
| > Median of 55 years, n = 583 | ||||
| No. with outcome/No. total | 37/185 | 34/210 | 28/188 | |
| Model 1† | 1 | 0.56 (0.33–0.97) | 0.42 (0.24–0.75) | 0.10 |
| Weighted‡ | 1 | 0.70 (0.37–1.31) | 0.44 (0.22–0.89) | 0.12 |
| P for interaction§ = 0.74 (weighted‡ = 0.93) | ||||
| Sex | ||||
| Men, n = 514 | ||||
| No. with outcome/No. total | 13/134 | 22/176 | 26/204 | |
| Model 1† | 1 | 1.04 (0.49–2.22) | 0.90 (0.43–1.91) | 0.70 |
| Weighted‡ | 1 | 1.16 (0.51–2.66) | 0.75 (0.32–1.76) | 0.94 |
| Women, n = 711 | ||||
| No. with outcome/No. total | 34/274 | 26/233 | 18/204 | |
| Model 1† | 1 | 0.55 (0.31–0.99) | 0.43 (0.23–0.81) | 0.03 |
| Weighted‡ | 1 | 0.65 (0.33–1.30) | 0.60 (0.28–1.29) | 0.18 |
| P for interaction§ = 0.14 (weighted‡ = 0.82) | ||||
| Race | ||||
| Caucasians, n = 1029 | ||||
| No. outcome/total No. | 42/272 | 47/366 | 44/391 | |
| Model 1† | 1 | 0.71 (0.45–1.13) | 0.57 (0.36–0.92) | 0.11 |
| Weighted ‡ | 1 | 0.90 (0.53–1.53) | 0.66 (0.37–1.19) | 0.21 |
| African Americans, n = 196‖ | ||||
| Combining tertiles 2 and 3 | Tertile 1 | Tertile 2/3 | ||
| No. outcome/total No. | 5/136 | 1/60 | – | |
| Model 1† | 1 | 0.45 (0.05–3.95) | – | 0.93 |
| Weighted‡ | 1 | 0.53 (0.05–5.31) | – | 0.02 |
| P for interaction§ = 0.99 (weighted‡ = 0.006) | ||||
| CFH genotype, rs1061170 | ||||
| TT, no high-risk alleles, n = 348 | ||||
| No. with outcome/No. total | 12/81 | 10/129 | 10/138 | |
| Model 1† | 1 | 0.45 (0.18–1.12) | 0.39 (0.16–0.98) | 0.32 |
| Weighted‡ | 1 | 0.53 (0.18–1.54) | 0.44 (0.15–1.29) | 0.41 |
| CT, 1 high-risk allele, n = 402 | ||||
| No. with outcome/No. total | 15/111 | 19/129 | 20/162 | |
| Model 1† | 1 | 0.93 (0.43–1.99) | 0.71 (0.33–1.52) | 0.31 |
| Weighted‡ | 1 | 0.95 (0.40–2.30) | 0.83 (0.32–2.17) | 0.67 |
| CC, 2 high-risk alleles, n = 127 | ||||
| No. with outcome/No. total | 9/34 | 12/51 | 11/42 | |
| Model 1† | 1 | 0.94 (0.33–2.72) | 0.91 (0.31–2.71) | 0.70 |
| Weighted‡ | 1 | 1.46 (0.45–4.66) | 0.96 (0.25–3.74) | 0.72 |
| CC/CT, 1–2 high-risk alleles, n = 529 | ||||
| No. with outcome/No. total | 24/145 | 31/180 | 31/204 | |
| Model 1† | 1 | 0.94 (0.51–1.73) | 0.74 (0.40–1.36) | 0.24 |
| Weighted‡ | 1 | 1.12 (0.55–2.26) | 0.82 (0.38–1.78) | 0.50 |
| P for interaction§ = 0.61 (weighted‡ = 0.58) | ||||
| ARMS2 genotype, rs10490924 | ||||
| GG, no high-risk alleles, n = 539 | ||||
| No. with outcome/No. total | 17/137 | 20/197 | 21/205 | |
| Model 1† | 1 | 0.71 (0.35–1.46) | 0.65 (0.32–1.33) | 0.66 |
| Weighted‡ | 1 | 0.86 (0.39–1.91) | 0.74 (0.33–1.68) | 0.92 |
| TG, 1 high-risk allele, n = 292 | ||||
| No. with outcome/No. total | 13/70 | 18/102 | 19/120 | |
| Model 1† | 1 | 0.84 (0.37–1.88) | 0.69 (0.31–1.53) | 0.36 |
| Weighted‡ | 1 | 1.05 (0.41–2.73) | 0.85 (0.31–2.33) | 0.51 |
| TT, 2 high-risk alleles, n = 46 | ||||
| No. with outcome/No. total | 6/19 | 3/10 | 1/17 | |
| Model 1† | 1 | 0.45 (0.04–4.58) | 0.07 (0.004–1.21) | 0.045 |
| Weighted‡ | 1 | 0.46 (0.05–4.39) | 0.03 (0.001–0.92) | 0.03 |
| TT/TG, 1–2 high-risk allele, n = 338 | ||||
| No. with outcome/No. total | 19/89 | 21/112 | 20/137 | |
| Model 1† | 1 | 0.75 (0.36–1.53) | 0.52 (0.25–1.07) | 0.06 |
| Weighted‡ | 1 | 0.86 (0.37–1.99) | 0.60 (0.24–01.50) | 0.15 |
| P for interaction§ = 0.14 (weighted‡ = 0.14) | ||||
Bolded values represent statistically significant results at a P value of < 0.05 or smaller.
P for trend calculated by using season-adjusted serum 25(OH)D as a continuous variable.
Model 1: adjusted for age, race, and smoking status.
Inverse probability weights applied to adjust for bias due to loss to follow-up from visit 3 to 5; n = 2 participants missing weights.
Multiplicative interactions were tested by using continuous measures of 25(OH)D, age, and ordinal measures of genotype variables.
Results for African Americans are unstable owing to low sample size. Not including one individual with incident AMD and the highest sample weight among incident cases removes the statistically significant P trend in the weighted analysis.