Table 2.
Multilevel Logistic Regressions on Opioid-related Hospital Stays: Inpatient Stay Records (N= 264,013)
| Inpatient Stays Related to Opioid Use Disorder |
Inpatient Stays Related to Opioid Overdose |
|
|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
| Zip-code Characteristics | ||
| Number of recreational marijuana dispensaries per square mile | 1.54* (1.08, 2.21) | 1.04 (0.74, 1.46) |
| Number of medical marijuana dispensaries per square mile | 1.03 (0.86, 1.24) | 1.09 (0.92, 1.28) |
| Number of DATA-2000 waivered providers per square mile | 1.04 (0.99, 1.10) | 1.03 (0.99, 1.06) |
| Spatially Lagged Rates of Hospital Stays Related to Opioids | 1.41*** (1.31, 1.52) | 0.87 (0.60, 1.27) |
| Proportion of population under age 21 | 1.26 (0.49, 3.22) | 0.71 (0.24, 2.04) |
| Racial/ethnic composition | ||
| Predominantly non-Hispanic white | Ref | Ref |
| Predominantly racial/ethnic minorities | 0.78* (0.63, 0.98) | 0.90 (0.71, 1.14) |
| Median household income† | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | 1.00** (0.99, 1.00) |
| Number of tobacco and alcohol outlets per square mile | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | 1.00 (1.00, 1.01) |
| Population density per square mile‡ | 1.04** (1.02, 1.07) | 1.01 (0.98, 1.04) |
| Individual Characteristics | ||
| Sex | ||
| Male | Ref | Ref |
| Female | 0.82*** (0.79, 0.86) | 1.01 (0.93, 1.10) |
| Age | ||
| 65+ | Ref | Ref |
| 50-64 | 3.88*** (3.64, 4.14) | 1.38*** (1.22, 1.57) |
| 35-49 | 5.04*** (4.69, 5.42) | 1.11 (0.95, 1.30) |
| 21-34 | 6.01*** (5.58, 6.48) | 0.77** (0.65, 0.92) |
| 12-20 | 1.99*** (1.72, 2.30) | 0.67* (0.49, 0.91) |
| Race/ethnicity | ||
| Non-Hispanic white | Ref | Ref |
| Hispanic | 0.34*** (0.31, 0.38) | 0.72** (0.59, 0.89) |
| Non-Hispanic black | 0.64*** (0.59, 0.70) | 1.02 (0.85, 1.24) |
| Other non-Hispanic minority | 0.61*** (0.56, 0.66) | 0.64*** (0.52, 0.79) |
| Unknown | 0.67*** (0.61, 0.74) | 0.64*** (0.51, 0.80) |
| Primary payer for healthcare | ||
| Private health insurance | Ref | Ref |
| Medicare | 3.15*** (2.96, 3.35) | 1.45*** (1.28, 1.65) |
| Medicaid | 3.25*** (3.08, 3.42) | 1.42*** (1.25, 1.61) |
| Other | 1.94*** (1.76, 2.14) | 1.27* (1.02, 1.58) |
* p<.05; ** p<.01; *** p<.001; † Median household income was divided by 1000; ‡ Population density per square mile was divided by 1000. ORs and corresponding 95% CI were in bold if p<0.05. We used multilevel logistic regressions with random intercepts at zip code level.