Table 3.
Multilevel Logistic Regression on Opioid-related Hospital Stays: Observation Stay Records (N=12,621)
| Observation Stay Related to Opioid Use Disorder |
|
|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | |
| Zip-code Characteristics | |
| Number of recreational marijuana dispensaries per square mile | 2.50 (0.77, 8.06) |
| Number of medical marijuana dispensaries per square mile | 0.43 (0.16, 1.16) |
| Number of DATA-2000 waivered providers per square mile | 0.99 (0.91, 1.09) |
| Spatially Lagged Rates of Hospital Stays Related to Opioids | 3.02* (1.02, 8.96) |
| Proportion of population under age 21 | 0.038* (0.0020-0.73) |
| Racial/ethnic composition | |
| Predominantly non-Hispanic white | Ref |
| Predominantly racial/ethnic minorities | 0.92 (0.46, 1.83) |
| Median household income† | 1.01* (1.00, 1.02) |
| Number of tobacco and alcohol outlets per square mile | 1.01* (1.00, 1.02) |
| Population density per square mile‡ | 1.00 (0.92, 1.08) |
| Individual Characteristics | |
| Sex | |
| Male | Ref |
| Female | 0.85 (0.67-1.10) |
| Age | |
| 65+ | Ref |
| 50-64 | 5.06*** (3.25, 7.89) |
| 35-49 | 5.84*** (3.56, 9.58) |
| 21-34 | 8.55*** (5.11, 14.31) |
| 12-20 | 0.42 (0.055, 3.13) |
| Race/ethnicity | |
| Non-Hispanic white | Ref |
| Hispanic | 0.39* (0.19, 0.81) |
| Non-Hispanic black | 1.29 (0.67, 2.47) |
| Other non-Hispanic minority | 1.64* (1.08, 2.51) |
| Unknown | 0.33* (0.12, 0.91) |
| Primary payer for healthcare | |
| Private health insurance | Ref |
| Medicare | 2.37*** (1.59, 3.55) |
| Medicaid | 2.93*** (2.13, 4.03) |
| Other | 0.80 (0.38, 1.70) |
* p<.05; ** p<.01; *** p<.001; † Median household income was divided by 1000; ‡ Population density per square mile was divided by 1000. ORs and corresponding 95% CI were in bold if p<0.05. We used multilevel logistic regressions with random intercepts at zip code level.