Appendix Table 3.
Sensitivity Analysis Using Categorical Variables for the Availability of Dispensaries and DATA-2000 waivered providers
| Inpatient Stays Related to Opioid Use Disorder (N= 264,013) |
Inpatient Stays Related to Opioid Overdose (N= 264,013 ) |
Observation Stay Related to Opioid Use Disorder (N= 12,621) |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | |||
| Zip-code Characteristics | |||
| Number of recreational marijuana dispensaries | |||
| 0 | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| 1 | 1.19** (1.06, 1.35) | 1.04 (0.92, 1.17) | 1.07 (0.76, 1.50) |
| 2+ | 1.14 (0.97, 1.36) | 1.05 (0.90, 1.22) | 1.21 (0.82, 1.79) |
| Number of medical marijuana dispensaries | |||
| 0 | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| 1 | 1.00 (0.87, 1.16) | 1.03 (0.89, 1.18) | 0.49** (0.29, 0.81) |
| 2 | 0.99 (0.85, 1.15) | 1.06 (0.92, 1.21) | 0.69 (0.46, 1.04) |
| Number of DATA-2000 waivered providers | |||
| 0 | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| 1 | 1.10 (0.96, 1.26) | 1.07 (0.93, 1.22) | 1.28 (0.86, 1.90) |
| 2+ | 1.04 (0.93, 1.16) | 0.98 (0.87, 1.09) | 1.10 (0.81, 1.51) |
| Spatially Lagged Rates of Hospital Stays Related to Opioids | 1.39*** (1.30, 1.50) | 0.86 (0.58, 1.26) | 3.71* (1.27, 10.87) |
| Proportion of population under age 21 | 1.18 (0.45, 3.05) | 0.66 (0.23, 1.95) | 0.036* (0.0019, 0.69) |
| Racial/ethnic composition | |||
| Predominantly non-Hispanic white | Ref | Ref | |
| Predominantly racial/ethnic minorities | 0.79* (0.63, 0.99) | 0.88 (0.69, 1.12) | 0.93 (0.46, 1.88) |
| Median household income† | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | 1.00** (0.99, 1.00) | 1.01** (1.00, 1.02) |
| Number of tobacco and alcohol outlets per square mile | 1.00 (1.00, 1.01) | 1.00 (1.00, 1.01) | 1.01* (1.00, 1.02) |
| Population density per square mile‡ | 1.05*** (1.03, 1.07) | 1.02 (0.99, 1.04) | 0.98 (0.92, 1.05) |
| Individual Characteristics | |||
| Sex | |||
| Male | Ref | Ref | |
| Female | 0.82*** (0.79, 0.86) | 1.01 (0.93, 1.10) | 0.85 (0.66, 1.09) |
| Age | |||
| 65+ | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| 50-64 | 3.88*** (3.64, 4.14) | 1.39*** (1.23, 1.57) | 5.07*** (3.26, 7.90) |
| 35-49 | 5.05*** (4.69, 5.43) | 1.11 (0.95, 1.30) | 5.86*** (3.57, 9.60) |
| 21-34 | 6.01*** (5.58, 6.48) | 0.77** (0.65, 0.92) | 8.48*** (5.06, 14.19) |
| 12-20 | 1.99*** (1.72, 2.30) | 0.67* (0.49, 0.91) | 0.40 (0.053, 3.03) |
| Race/ethnicity | |||
| Non-Hispanic white | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Hispanic | 0.34*** (0.31, 0.38) | 0.73** (0.59, 0.90) | 0.38** (0.18, 0.79) |
| Non-Hispanic black | 0.64*** (0.59, 0.70) | 1.03 (0.85, 1.24) | 1.38 (0.72, 2.64) |
| Other non-Hispanic minority | 0.61*** (0.56, 0.66) | 0.64*** (0.53, 0.79) | 1.61* (1.05, 2.46) |
| Unknown | 0.67*** (0.61, 0.74) | 0.64*** (0.51, 0.81) | 0.34* (0.12, 0.92) |
| Primary payer for healthcare | |||
| Private health insurance | Ref | Ref | |
| Medicare | 3.15*** (2.96, 3.35) | 1.46*** (1.28, 1.65) | 2.35*** (1.57, 3.52) |
| Medicaid | 3.25*** (3.08, 3.42) | 1.42*** (1.25, 1.61) | 2.91*** (2.12, 4.01) |
| Other | 1.94*** (1.76, 2.14) | 1.27* (1.02, 1.58) | 0.81 (0.39, 1.72) |
* p<.05; ** p<.01; *** p<.001; † Median household income was divided by 1000; ‡ Population density per square mile was divided by 1000. ORs and corresponding 95% CI were in bold if p<0.05. We used multilevel logistic regressions with random intercepts at zip code level.