Table 3.

Patterns of change in stress-induced GCs and negative feedback with captivity in wild animals

GC pattern during adjustment to captivity	Species		Study design	Timeframe	How was free-living GCs established?	Sample type	Citation
No change in acute stress-induced GCs over captivity period	Mammals	Tuco-tuco (Ctenomys talarum)	Captive vs free-living populations	20 days	Free-living population	Plasma (30 and 60 min)	(Vera et al., 2011)
	Birds	Curve-billed thrasher (Toxostoma curverostre)	Repeated measures; multiple timepoints	80 days	At-capture samples	Plasma (30 min)	(Fokidis et al., 2011)
		Blackbirds (Turdus merula)	Repeated measures; pre- vs post-captivity	22 days	At-capture sample	Plasma (30 and 60 min)	(Adams et al., 2011)
		Western screech owl (Otus kennicottii)	Captive vs free-living populations	>1 month	Free-living animals	Plasma (6–10 min)	(Dufty Jr and Belthoff, 1997)
		House sparrow (Passer domesticus)1	Repeated measures; pre- vs post-captivity	5 days	At-capture sample	Plasma (30 min)	(Lattin et al., 2012)
		House sparrow (Passer domesticus)	Multiple timepoints; different individuals	Up to 1 month	At-capture sample	Plasma (60 min)	(Kuhlman and Martin, 2010)
		House sparrow (Passer domesticus)	Repeated measures; multiple timepoints	7 days	At-capture sample	Plasma (30 min)	(Fischer and Romero, 2016)*
		House sparrow (Passer domesticus)	Repeated measures; multiple timepoints	7 days	At-capture sample	Plasma (30 min)	(Fischer et al., 2018)*
		House sparrow (Passer domesticus)	Repeated measures; multiple timepoints	66 days	At-capture sample	Plasma (30 min)	(Love et al., 2017)
		White-crowned sparrow (Zonotrichia leucophrys)2	Repeated measures; multiple timepoints	Up to 1 year	Free-living population	Plasma (<30 min)	(Romero and Wingfield, 1999)
	Fish	Winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus)	Repeated measures; multiple timepoints	Up to 1 year	Free-living population	Plasma (60 min)	(Plante et al., 2003)
Acute stress-induced GCs reduced in captivity	Birds	Chukar partridge (Alectoris chukar)	Repeated measures; multiple timepoints	9 days	At-capture sample	Plasma (30 min)	(Dickens et al., 2009a)
		White-crowned sparrow (Zonotrichia leucophrys)3	Repeated measures; multiple timepoints	Up to 1 year	Free-living population	Plasma (30 min)	(Romero and Wingfield, 1999)
Acute stress-induced GCs increased in captivity	Mammals	Degu (Octodon degus)	Captive vs free-living populations	>1 year	Free-living population	Plasma (30 and 60 min)	(Quispe et al., 2014)
	Birds	White-crowned sparrow (Zonotrichia leucophrys)4	Repeated measures; multiple timepoints	Up to 1 year	Free-living population	Plasma (30 min)	(Romero and Wingfield, 1999)
	Reptiles	Water snake (Nerodia sipedon)	Repeated measures; pre- vs post-captivity	5–8 days	At-capture sample	Plasma (60 min)	(Sykes and Klukowski, 2009)
	Amphibians	Eastern red-spotted newt (Notophthalmus viridescens)5	Repeated measures; multiple timepoints	>1 year	Free-living population	Plasma (30 min)	(Berner et al., 2013)
Negative feedback strength decreased with captivity, then increased	Birds	Chukar partridge (Alectoris chukar)	Repeated measures; multiple timepoints	Neg. feedback reduced at Day 5; recovered at Day 9	At-capture sample	Plasma (90 min after DEX)	(Dickens et al., 2009b)
Negative feedback strength increased with captivity	Birds	House sparrow (Passer domesticus)	Repeated measures; pre- vs post-captivity	5 days	At-capture sample	Plasma 90 min after DEX)	(Lattin et al., 2012)
Negative feedback strength did not change with captivity	Birds	House sparrow (Passer domesticus)	Repeated measures; multiple timepoints	66 days	At-capture sample	Plasma 90 min after DEX)	(Love et al., 2017)

¹SI GCs lower post captivity in early winter, but no change during any other time of year.

²Outside of breeding season and molt.

³During the breeding season.

⁴During the post-breeding/molting season.

⁵SI GCs higher post captivity in pre-breeding and breeding season, not in winter.