Table 5. Studies reporting on the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy for detection of intra-articular screw penetration.
Study | N | Design | Reference Standard | Outcome | Lateral | AP | Oblique | Tilt | 3D | 360 | DVT | CT | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cadavers | Patients | Screws | |||||||||||||
Cadaveric | Borggrefe et al (2015) | 12 | 36–48 | Cadaver survey | 3D CT reconstruction | Sensitivity | 58% | 68% | 88% | ||||||
Takemoto et al (2012) | 8 | 40 | Cadaver survey | Direct visualization | Sensitivity | 84.5% | 95.2% | ||||||||
Tweet et al (2010) | 30 | 30 | Cadaver survey | Direct visualization | Sensitivity | 61% | 93% | 11 deg AP: 91% 22 deg Lat: 63% |
93% | ||||||
Soong et al (2008) | 1 | 20 | Cadaveric | Direct visualization | Specificity | 10% | 30% | 11 deg AP: 100% 15, 23, and 30 deg lat: all 60% |
|||||||
Clinical | Pace and Cresswell (2010) | 128 | Indeterminate | Retrospective cohort | No revision surgery | Specificity | 28% | 63% | |||||||
Patel et al (2013) | 34 | Indeterminate | Survey | rotational fluoroscopy | Accuracy | 58.8% | AP + lat + 30 deg lat: 77.5% | ||||||||
Kumar et al (2001) | 10 | Indeterminate | Indeterminate | Indeterminate | Specificity | 0% | 100% |
Abbreviations: 360, 360 degrees fluoroscopy; 3D, three-dimensional fluoroscopy; AP, anteroposterior; DVT, digital volume tomography; lat, lateral; N , number; Tilt, anatomical tilt.