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. 2019 Mar 5;8(6):520–530. doi: 10.1055/s-0039-1681026

Table 5. Studies reporting on the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy for detection of intra-articular screw penetration.

Study N Design Reference Standard Outcome Lateral AP Oblique Tilt 3D 360 DVT CT
Cadavers Patients Screws
Cadaveric Borggrefe et al (2015) 12 36–48 Cadaver survey 3D CT reconstruction Sensitivity 58% 68% 88%
Takemoto et al (2012) 8 40 Cadaver survey Direct visualization Sensitivity 84.5% 95.2%
Tweet et al (2010) 30 30 Cadaver survey Direct visualization Sensitivity 61% 93% 11 deg AP: 91%
22 deg Lat: 63%
93%
Soong et al (2008) 1 20 Cadaveric Direct visualization Specificity 10% 30% 11 deg AP: 100%
15, 23, and 30 deg lat: all 60%
Clinical Pace and Cresswell (2010) 128 Indeterminate Retrospective cohort No revision surgery Specificity 28% 63%
Patel et al (2013) 34 Indeterminate Survey rotational fluoroscopy Accuracy 58.8% AP + lat + 30 deg lat: 77.5%
Kumar et al (2001) 10 Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate Specificity 0% 100%

Abbreviations: 360, 360 degrees fluoroscopy; 3D, three-dimensional fluoroscopy; AP, anteroposterior; DVT, digital volume tomography; lat, lateral; N , number; Tilt, anatomical tilt.