Table 1.
Baseline demographics and anthropomorphic data
| Normal controls n = 15 |
Study population n = 25 |
p | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Anthropomorphic | |||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.0 ± 2.4 | 36.8 ± 5.8 | <0.001 |
| Age (years) | 45 ± 17 | 49 ± 14 | 0.410 |
| Male | 6 | 8 | 0.717 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 121 ± 15 | 136 ± 19 | 0.008 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 77 ± 11 | 89 ± 11 | 0.004 |
| Metabolic parameters | |||
| Total cholesterol (mmol/l) | 4.6 ± 1.0 | 5.4 ± 1.0 | 0.017 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 1.4 ± 0.3 | 1.6 ± 1.0 | 0.479 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 2.8 ± 0.9 | 3.1 ± 0.8 | 0.077 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/l) | 1.0 ± 0.5 | 1.6 ± 0.7 | 0.003 |
| Glucose (mmol/l) | 4.8 ± 0.3 | 5.4 ± 0.9 | 0.011 |
| Insulin (mmol/l) | 35 ± 13 | 94 ± 48 | 0.019 |
| HOMA-IR | 1.2 ± 0.5 | 4.3 ± 5.1 | 0.029 |
| Medication | |||
| Antihypertensive therapy | 2 | 4 | 0.757 |
| ACE inhibitor | 1 | 2 | 0.834 |
| Angiotensin receptor blocker | 0 | 1 | 0.418 |
| Calcium channel blocker | 2 | 1 | 0.308 |
| Statin | 1 | 3 | 0.545 |
| Metformin | 0 | 2 | 0.246 |
| Body fat distribution | |||
| Body fat mass (kg) | 16 ± 7 | 45 ± 13 | <0.001 |
| Body fat percentage (%) | 23 ± 11 | 43 ± 8 | <0.001 |
| Abdominal visceral fat area (cm2) | 56 ± 45 | 162 ± 81 | <0.001 |
| Liver fat (%) | 0.9 ± 0.6 | 7.4 ± 6.3 | 0.001 |
| Epicardial fat (cm3) | 38 ± 15 | 102 ± 33 | <0.001 |
| Myocardial triglyceride content (%) | 1.0 ± 0.7 | 2.2 ± 1.1 | 0.003 |
| LV geometry | |||
| LV end-diastolic volume (ml) | 146 ± 26 | 156 ± 27 | 0.267 |
| LV EDV indexed to height (ml/m1.7) | 60 ± 9 | 64 ± 9 | 0.211 |
| LV mass (g) | 98 ± 20 | 114 ± 27 | 0.046 |
| LV mass indexed to height (g/m1.7) | 40 ± 6 | 46 ± 9 | 0.015 |
| LV mass-to-volume ratio | 0.66 ± 0.06 | 0.74 ± 0.15 | 0.056 |
| Myocardial energetics | |||
| Myocardial PCr/ATP | 2.2 ± 0.2 | 1.9 ± 0.3 | 0.003 |
| LV systolic function | |||
| LV ejection fraction (%) | 65 ± 7 | 66 ± 5 | 0.408 |
| Peak radial strain (%) | 52 ± 10 | 42 ± 8 | 0.002 |
| Peak circumferential strain (%) | −20 ± 2 | −20 ± 2 | 0.275 |
| Peak longitudinal strain (%) | −16 ± 2 | −16 ± 2 | 0.831 |
| LV diastolic function | |||
| LV E/e′ | 7.6 ± 1.3 | 8.6 ± 1.4 | 0.022 |
| Peak radial diastolic strain rate (1/s) | −3.7 ± 1.1 | −2.7 ± 1.5 | 0.020 |
| Aortic distensibility (mmHg) | |||
| Ascending aorta | 4.1 ± 2.7 | 5.4 ± 3.8 | 0.284 |
| Distal descending aorta | 7.3 ± 2.4 | 4.9 ± 3.8 | 0.026 |