Table 1.
Overview of lncRNA function(s) implicated in the immunotherapy resistance.
|
LncRNA name |
Cancer type | Function(s) |
Immune results |
References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| LINK-A | TNBC | Induces antigen loss including PLC components (TPSN, TAP1, TAP2, and CALR) β2-microglobuli(β2M) and MHC class I and decrease CD8+ T cells and APC infiltration |
– | (14) |
| meloe | Melanoma | Produces the most immunogenic MELOE antigens(MELOE-1, MELOE-2, and MELOE-3) | + | (28) |
| HOTAIR | Gastric/Cervical cancer | Promotes human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-G expression via inhibiting miR-152, miR-148a, respectively | + | (29, 30) |
| NKX2-1- AS1 |
Lung adenocarcinomas |
Downregulates CD274/PD-L1 | + | (31) |
| LINC00473 | Pancreatic cancer |
Upregulates PD-L1 and thus inhibiting activation of CD8+ T cells | – | (32) |
| MALAT1 | DLBCL | Upregulates PD-L1 expression via miR-195 and regulates CD8+ T cells | – | (33) |
| SNHG20 | Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma |
Promotes growth and metastasis via ATM- JAK - PD - L1 pathway | – | (34) |
| NEAT1 | Hepatocellular carcinoma | Attunes activity and promotes apoptosis of CD8+ T cells via regulating miR-155/Tim-3 |
– | (35) |
| NKILA | Breast and lung carcinoma |
Improves the sensitivity to (activation-induced cell death) AICD of tumor-specific CTLs and TH1 cells | – | (36) |
| lnc-sox5 | Colorectal cancer | Reduces infiltration and cytotoxicity of CD3+CD8+T cells via IDO1 | – | (37) |
| HOTAIR | Leukemia | Leads to decreased ratio of CD4+/CD8+ T-cell subsets | – | (38) |
| Olfr29-ps1 | Melanoma | Promotes the differentiation and function of MDSCs via the m6A- modified Olfr29-ps1/miR-214-3p/MyD88 regulatory network |
– | (39) |
| lnc-chop | Melanoma Lung carcinoma breast cancer |
Promotes the function and differentiation of MDSC | – | (40) |
| lncRNA Pvt1 |
Lung carcinoma | lncRNA Pvt1 is expressed on G-MDSCs and regulates the impressive activity of G-MDSC |
– | (41) |
| lnc-MC | – | Promotes the differentiation of monocyte/macrophage into THP-1 cells and CD34(+) HSPCs via miR-199a-5p |
+ | (42) |
| RUNXOR | Lung caner | Accelerates MDSC-mediated immunosuppression | – | (43) |
| HOTAIRM1 | Acute promyelocytic leukemia |
HOTAIRM1 expression showed a markable association with myeloid differentiation | + | (44) |
| lnc-Smad3 | – | Suppresses iTregs polarization and inhibits T-cell autoimmunity | + | (45) |
| lnc-EGFR | Hepatocellular carcinoma |
stimulates Tregs differentiation, suppresses CTL activity | – | (46) |
| SNHG1 | Breast cancer | Inhibits the differentiation of Tregs by Promoting miR-448 expression and reducing IDO level | + | (47) |
| Linc- POU3F3 |
Gastric cancer | Elevates the distribution of Tregs resulting in increasing cell proliferation by recruiting TGF-beta |
– | (48) |
| Lnc-INSR | Acute lymphoblastic leukemia |
Promotes Treg distribution and decreases the percentage of cytotoxic T lymphocytes | – | (49) |
Immune results ± represents the lncRNA regulating the immune response positively and negatively, respectively.
LINK-A, long intergenic non-coding RNA for kinase activation; TNBS, triple-negative breast cancer; PLC, peptide-loading complex; HOTAIR, HOX transcript antisense intergenic RNA; MALAT1, metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript; DLBCL, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma; SNHG20, small nucleolar RNA host gene 20; NEAT1, nuclear enriched autosomal transcript 1; NKILA, NF-κ B-interacting long non-coding RNA; IDO, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase; lnc-chop, long non-coding RNA C/EBPβ homologous protein; lncRNA Pvt1, long non-coding RNA plasmacytoma variant translocation 1; lnc-MC, long non-coding RNA MonoCyte; RUNXOR, RUNX1 overlapping RNA; HOTAIRM1, HOX transcript antisense intergenic RNA myeloid1; EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; SNHG1, small nucleolar RNA host gene 1; lncRNA, long non-coding RNA; INSR, lnc insulin receptor precursor.