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. 2019 Dec 4;9:18300. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-54613-0

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The PDI inhibitor bacitracin reversibly inhibits Plasmodium berghei fertilization. (A) Exflagellation centers in the presence of Bacitracin at 0, 0.03, 0.3, 1 mM. Asterisks indicate P value < 0.05 Paired t test. (B) In vitro ookinete development assay supplemented with Bacitracin at 0, 0.03, 0.3, 1 and 3 mM. Results are shown as percent inhibition in ookinete conversion. Asterisks indicate P value < 0.05 Paired t test, ns indicate P value not significant. (C) Exflagellation centers after 30 minutes in the presence of Bacitracin at 0, 0.03, 0.3, 1. P value < 0.05 Paired t test indicates P value not significant at any concentration. (D) In vitro ookinete development assay supplemented with Bacitracin at 0, 0.03, 0.3, 1 and 3 mM for 30 min prior to removal of Bacitracin. Results are shown as percent inhibition in ookinete conversion. P value < 0.05 Paired t test indicates P value not significant at any concentration. (E) Triplicate counts of free floating male gametes and male gametes in exflagellation centers. Represented as a percentage of total events observed in the presence of 0, 0.3, 1 and 3 mM Bacitracin.