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. 2019 Dec 4;9:18300. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-54613-0

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Anti-PDI-Trans antibodies inhibit fertilization and transmission in Plasmodium berghei. IFA of wildtype P. berghei ANKA male gametes and ookinetes with (A). anti PDI-Trans and (B). Secondary-only control antibodies (green) DAPI (blue). IFA of male gametes and ookinetes with anti PDI-Trans shows broad surface staining. White scale bars = 5 μm (C). IFA of ΔPDI-Trans gametes with anti PDI-Trans. Absence of staining illustrates anti PDI-Trans recognises native protein. White scale bar = 10 μm (D). Inhibition in ookinete conversion in in vitro ookinete development assay with anti PDI-Trans compared to negative control antibody UPC10 at concentrations of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 µg/ml. Asterisks indicate P value < 0.05 Paired t test, ns indicate P value not significant. (E–G) Triplicate standard membrane feeding assays with anti PDI-Trans compared with negative control antibody UPC10 at a concentration of 500 µg/ml. Individual data points represent the number of oocysts found in individual mosquitoes 12-days post feed. Horizontal bars indicate mean intensity of infection, whilst error bars indicate S.E.M within individual samples. Asterisks indicate P value < 0.05 Mann-Whitney U test, ns indicate P value not significant.