Fig. 12.

a Circumcaval ureter schematic. An anomaly as the name implies, in which the ureter begins to course dorsal to the IVC, then arches the IVC to come to lie ventrally. b Circumcaval ureter embryology schematic. Resulting from the persistence of the right posterior cardinal vein positioned ventral to ureter in the definitive IVC. c Circumcaval ureter imaging. Contrast-enhanced CT presentation of a circumcaval ureter, which begins to course dorsal to the IVC, then arches the IVC by the left, coming to lie anteriorly, associated with mild proximal ureterohydronephrosis