. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Jan 1.

Published in final edited form as: J Orthop Res. 2019 Jun 24;38(1):13–22. doi: 10.1002/jor.24388

Table 3.

Animal models of T2DM tendon injury and repair

Model	Injury type	Tendon	Outcomes compared to non-diabetic controls	Ref
C57BL6/J mouse DIO	Punch injury	FDL	ECM disorganization	⁵⁸
			Limited tenocyte migration into granulation tissue
			Decreased mechanical properties (max force, work to max force, stiffness)
C57BL6/J mouse DIO	Transection and repair	FDL	Increased gene expression of Col1, Col3, Mmp2, Mmp9	⁵⁴
			Increased protein expression of IL-1RA, TNFα, F4/80
			Altered macrophage polarization (increased/prolonged M2 activity)
			Decreased mechanical properties (max force, work to max force, max load)
			Decreased functional properties (decreased range of motion, increased gliding resistance)
Goto-Kakizaki rats	Transection	Achilles	ECM disorganization	⁸⁴
			Decreased gene expression of Col1, Col3, Mmp-3
			Decreased stiffness
			Decreased callus area
Goto-Kakizaki rats	Transection	Achilles	Decreased gene/protein expression of Tβ–4 and Vegf	⁸⁵

IL-1RA= interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, TNFα= tumor necrosis factor alpha, Tβ–4= thymosin beta-4, Vegf= vascular endothelial growth factor