Table 1.
Patient characteristics at baseline by treatment group before inverse probability of treatment weighting, N = 5,781.
| IFN only (N=370) |
DAA only (N=4438) |
DAA + IFN (N=973) |
Any DAA a (N=5411) |
p-value b | p-value c | p-value d | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HCC Development | 9 (2.4%) | 76 (1.7%) | 25 (2.6%) | 101 (1.9%) | 0.31 | 0.89 | 0.44 |
| Age Groups | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | ||||
| 18–34 years | 38 (10.3%) | 217 (4.9%) | 63 (6.5%) | 280 (5.2%) | |||
| 35–44 years | 45 (12.2%) | 212 (4.8%) | 89 (9.1%) | 301 (5.6%) | |||
| 45–54 years | 143 (38.6%) | 825 (18.6%) | 332 (34.1%) | 1157 (21.4%) | |||
| 55–64 years | 131 (35.4%) | 2201 (49.6%) | 444 (45.6%) | 2645 (48.9%) | |||
| 65+ years | 13 (3.5%) | 983 (22.1%) | 45 (4.6%) | 1028 (19.0%) | |||
| Mean (SD) | 50.2 (10.4) | 57.8 (10.8) | 52.7 (9.8) | 56.9 (10.8) | |||
| Gender | 0.22 | 0.81 | 0.28 | ||||
| Female | 135 (36.5%) | 1764 (39.7%) | 362 (37.2%) | 2126 (39.3%) | |||
| Male | 235 (63.5%) | 2674 (60.3%) | 611 (62.8%) | 3285 (60.7%) | |||
| Race | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | ||||
| Asian | 18 (4.9%) | 126 (2.8%) | 16 (1.6%) | 142 (2.6%) | |||
| Black | * | 836 (18.8%) | 181 (18.6%) | 1017 (18.8%) | |||
| Hispanic | 40 (10.8%) | 525 (11.8%) | 126 (12.9%) | 651 (12.0%) | |||
| White | 271 (73.2%) | 2822 (63.6%) | 624 (64.1%) | 3446 (63.7%) | |||
| Unknown | * | 129 (2.9%) | 26 (2.7%) | 155 (2.9%) | |||
| Census Region | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | ||||
| Midwest | 25 (6.8%) | 467 (10.5%) | 91 (9.4%) | 558 (10.3%) | |||
| Northeast | 21 (5.7%) | 679 (15.3%) | 103 (10.6%) | 782 (14.5%) | |||
| South | 262 (70.8%) | 2670 (60.2%) | 662 (68.0%) | 3332 (61.6%) | |||
| West | 62 (16.8%) | 622 (14.0%) | 117 (12.0%) | 739 (13.7%) | |||
| Median Annual Household Income | <0.01 | 0.10 | <0.01 | ||||
| <$40K | 64 (17.3%) | 1188 (26.8%) | 196 (20.1%) | 1384 (25.6%) | |||
| $40K-$49K | 27 (7.3%) | 374 (8.4%) | 87 (8.9%) | 461 (8.5%) | |||
| $50K-$59K | 43 (11.6%) | 392 (8.8%) | 88 (9.0%) | 480 (8.9%) | |||
| $60K-$74K | 32 (8.6%) | 502 (11.3%) | 108 (11.1%) | 610 (11.3%) | |||
| $75K-$99K | 62 (16.8%) | 603 (13.6%) | 154 (15.8%) | 757 (14.0%) | |||
| $100K+ | 111 (30.0%) | 1034 (23.3%) | 291 (29.9%) | 1325 (24.5%) | |||
| unknown | 31 (8.4%) | 345 (7.8%) | 49 (5.0%) | 394 (7.3%) | |||
| Year of Treatment Initiation | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | ||||
| 2010 | 127 (34.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 29 (3.0%) | 29 (0.5%) | |||
| 2011 | 97 (26.2%) | 0 (0.0%) | 238 (24.5%) | 238 (4.4%) | |||
| 2012 | 93 (25.1%) | * | 318 (32.7%) | * | |||
| 2013 | 49 (13.2%) | * | 161 (16.5%) | * | |||
| 2014 | * | 654 (14.7%) | 224 (23.0%) | 878 (16.2%) | |||
| 2015 | * | 1628 (36.7%) | * | * | |||
| 2016 | 0 (0.0%) | 1494 (33.7%) | * | * | |||
| 2017 | 0 (0.0%) | 652 (14.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | 652 (12.0%) | |||
| Charlson index | <0.01 | 0.01 | <0.01 | ||||
| 0 | * | 119 (2.7%) | 20 (2.1%) | 139 (2.6%) | |||
| 1 | 244 (65.9%) | 1923 (43.3%) | 534 (54.9%) | 2457 (45.4%) | |||
| 2 | * | 949 (21.4%) | 205 (21.1%) | 1154 (21.3%) | |||
| 3+ | 63 (17.0%) | 1447 (32.6%) | 214 (22.0%) | 1661 (30.7%) | |||
| Ribavirin | 365 (98.6%) | 710 (16.0%) | 969 (99.6%) | 1679 (31.0%) | <0.01 | <0.06 | <0.01 |
| Comorbidities | |||||||
| Autoimmune hepatitis | 73 (19.7%) | 373 (8.4%) | 171 (17.6%) | 544 (10.1%) | <0.01 | 0.3601 | <0.01 |
| Hemochromatosis | 12 (3.2%) | 64 (1.4%) | 26 (2.7%) | 90 (1.7%) | <0.01 | 0.5728 | 0.0255 |
| Wilson’s disease | * | * | * | * | - | 0.3828 | 0.7115 |
| Biliary cirrhosis | * | * | * | * | 0.21 | 0.3828 | 0.2299 |
| Cirrhosis | 83 (22.4%) | 2841 (64.0%) | 267 (27.4%) | 3108 (57.4%) | <0.01 | 0.0618 | <0.0001 |
| Compensated | 58 (69.9%) | 368 (13.0%) | 178 (66.7%) | 2562 (82.4%) | <0.01 | 0.5854 | 0.0032 |
| Decompensated | 25 (30.1%) | 2473 (87.0%) | 89 (33.3%) | 546 (17.6%) | |||
| Diabetes | 38 (10.3%) | 1047 (23.6%) | 176 (18.1%) | 1223 (22.6%) | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
| HIV | 16 (4.3%) | 195 (4.4%) | 30 (3.1%) | 225 (4.2%) | 0.95 | 0.26 | 0.88 |
| Hepatitis B | * | * | * | * | 0.14 | 0.76 | 0.21 |
| Liver transplant | * | * | * | * | 0.23 | 0.27 | 0.23 |
| Alcohol use disorder | 33 (8.9%) | 333 (7.5%) | 77 (7.9%) | 410 (7.6%) | 0.32 | 0.55 | 0.35 |
| Substance use disorder | 45 (12.2%) | 856 (19.3%) | 137 (14.1%) | 993 (18.4%) | <0.01 | 0.36 | <0.01 |
| Insurance type | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | ||||
| Commercial | 339 (91.6%) | 2542 (57.3%) | 808 (83.0%) | 3350 (61.9%) | |||
| Medicare Advantage | 31 (8.4%) | 1896 (42.7%) | 165 (17.0%) | 2061 (38.1%) | |||
| BMI kg/m2 | 0.23 | 0.74 | 0.34 | ||||
| < 18.5 | * | 42 (0.9%) | * | * | |||
| ≤ 18.5 – 24.9 | * | 318 (7.2%) | * | * | |||
| 25 – 29.9 | 43 (11.6%) | 586 (13.2%) | 112 (11.5%) | 698 (12.9%) | |||
| ≥ 30 | 68 (18.4%) | 929 (20.9%) | 208 (21.4%) | 1137 (21.0%) | |||
| Unknown | 236 (63.8%) | 2563 (57.8%) | 592 (60.8%) | 3155 (58.3%) | |||
| Smoking status | <0.01 | 0.09 | <0.01 | ||||
| Current | 79 (21.4%) | 964 (21.7%) | 245 (25.2%) | 1209 (22.3%) | |||
| Former | 34 (9.2%) | 618 (13.9%) | 110 (11.3%) | 728 (13.5%) | |||
| Never | 22 (5.9%) | 111 (2.5%) | 36 (3.7%) | 147 (2.7%) | |||
| Unknown | 235 (63.5%) | 2745 (61.9%) | 582 (59.8%) | 3327 (61.5%) | |||
| Time from HCV diagnosis to first treatment (months) | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 5.6 (187.6) | 6.1 (555.2) | 18.2 (10.2) | 18.4 (17.3) | |||
| Serologic viral response | <0.01 | <0.21 | <0.01 | ||||
| No | 127 (16.1%) | 689 (7.9%) | 299 (16.8%) | 988 (9.4%) | |||
| Yes | 243 (30.9%) | 3749 (42.9%) | 674 (37.8%) | 4423 (42.0%) |
a
Any DAA=(DAA-only + (DAA + IFN)).
b
p-value for DAA only vs. IFN.
c
p-value for DAA + IFN vs. IFN.
d
p-value for any DAA vs. IFN
*
cell size less than 11 counts were suppressed to protect patient confidentiality.
Abbreviations: hepatocellular carcinoma; HCV, hepatitis C virus; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; IFN, interferon; INR, international normalized ratio.