Table 3.
Associations between components in dietary diabetes risk reduction score and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in the pooled Nurses’ Health Study and Health Professionals Follow-up Study
| Components in dietary diabetes risk reduction score, HR (95% CI) | Ptrend | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quartile 1 | Quartile 2 | Quartile 3 | Quartile 4 | ||
| Glycemic index (GI) | |||||
| Number of cases | 32 | 48 | 39 | 41 | |
| Age-adjusted* | 1 (Ref) | 1.40 (0.89 to 2.19) | 1.18 (0.74 to 1.89) | 1.45 (0.91 to 2.30) | 0.19 |
| Multivariable-adjusted** | 1 (Ref) | 1.45 (0.92 to 2.27) | 1.25 (0.78 to 2.01) | 1.54 (0.96 to 2.48) | 0.12 |
| Cereal fiber | |||||
| Number of cases | 33 | 39 | 46 | 42 | |
| Age-adjusted* | 1 (Ref) | 0.87 (0.54 to 1.40) | 0.83 (0.52 to 1.31) | 0.65 (0.40 to 1.05) | 0.07 |
| Multivariable-adjusted** | 1 (Ref) | 0.93 (0.57 to 1.50) | 0.92 (0.57 to 1.49) | 0.79 (0.48 to 1.31) | 0.34 |
| P:S | |||||
| Number of cases | 31 | 49 | 38 | 42 | |
| Age-adjusted* | 1 (Ref) | 1.18 (0.75 to 1.87) | 0.80 (0.49 to 1.30) | 0.77 (0.47 to 1.24) | 0.10 |
| Multivariable-adjusted** | 1 (Ref) | 1.23 (0.77 to 1.95) | 0.85 (0.52 to 1.39) | 0.85 (0.52 to 1.39) | 0.23 |
| Trans fat | |||||
| Number of cases | 44 | 53 | 28 | 35 | |
| Age-adjusted* | 1 (Ref) | 1.32 (0.88 to 1.97) | 0.76 (0.47 to 1.22) | 1.10 (0.70 to 1.74) | 0.86 |
| Multivariable-adjusted** | 1 (Ref) | 1.27 (0.85 to 1.90) | 0.72 (0.44 to 1.17) | 1.07 (0.67 to 1.70) | 0.74 |
| SSBs | |||||
| Number of cases | 38 | 41 | 43 | 38 | |
| Age-adjusted* | 1 (Ref) | 0.97 (0.62 to 1.51) | 1.09 (0.70 to 1.69) | 1.23 (0.78 to 1.95) | 0.27 |
| Multivariable-adjusted** | 1 (Ref) | 1.02 (0.65 to 1.60) | 1.14 (0.73 to 1.78) | 1.26 (0.79 to 2.01) | 0.29 |
| Nut intake | |||||
| Number of cases | 43 | 37 | 35 | 45 | |
| Age-adjusted* | 1 (Ref) | 0.84 (0.54 to 1.31) | 0.75 (0.48 to 1.17) | 0.84 (0.55 to 1.28) | 0.63 |
| Multivariable-adjusted** | 1 (Ref) | 0.85 (0.54 to 1.33) | 0.76 (0.48 to 1.20) | 0.85 (0.55 to 1.33) | 0.72 |
| Coffee intake | |||||
| Number of cases | 38 | 49 | 44 | 29 | |
| Age-adjusted* | 1 (Ref) | 0.98 (0.64 to 1.51) | 1.01 (0.65 to 1.56) | 0.77 (0.47 to 1.25) | 0.31 |
| Multivariable-adjusted** | 1 (Ref) | 0.93 (0.60 to 1.42) | 0.90 (0.57 to 1.40) | 0.67 (0.41 to 1.11) | 0.12 |
| Red and processed meat | |||||
| Number of cases | 35 | 40 | 53 | 32 | |
| Age-adjusted* | 1 (Ref) | 1.25 (0.79 to 1.97) | 1.84 (1.19 to 2.82) | 1.36 (0.83 to 2.21) | 0.10 |
| Multivariable-adjusted** | 1 (Ref) | 1.16 (0.73 to 1.84) | 1.67 (1.08 to 2.60) | 1.18 (0.71 to 1.96) | 0.33 |
HR, Hazard Ratio; CI, Confidence Interval; Ref, reference group; P:S, ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fats; SSBs, sugar-sweetened beverages.
*
Adjusted for age (in months) and study period (two-year interval).
**
Adjusted for age (in months), study period (two-year interval), gender (women, men), race (White, non-White), physical activity (3, 3-<27, ≥27 METS-hours/week), smoking status (never, past, current), body mass index (kg/m2, continuous), aspirin use (yes, no), alcohol intake (g/day, continuous), and total calorie intake (kcal/day, tertiles).