Table 2.
Associations of variables related to demographics, lifestyle, clinical conditions, and climate with respiratory symptoms
| Variables | Symptom 1 | Symptom 2 | Symptom 3 | Symptom 4 | Symptom 5 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Living in Yamaguchi area (vs. Niigata area) | 0.788 (0.609, 1.020) | 1.037 (0.850, 1.264) | 1.095 (0.884, 1.356) | 1.078 (0.864, 1.345) | 1.433 (1.138, 1.804)** |
| Age (10-y increments) | 0.912 (0.791, 1.051) | 0.968 (0.860, 1.088) | 1.087 (0.955, 1.237) | 1.115 (0.972, 1.279) | 0.712 (0.620, 0.818)*** |
| Male (vs. female) | 0.784 (0.605, 1.014) | 1.304 (1.068, 1.591)** | 1.277 (1.023, 1.595)* | 0.969 (0.761, 1.235) | 0.674 (0.540, 0.841)*** |
| Body mass index (1 kg/m2 increments) | 0.980 (0.954, 1.008) | 1.007 (0.984, 1.031) | 1.025 (0.999, 1.051) | 1.024 (0.998, 1.051) | 0.996 (0.971, 1.022) |
| Smoking status (vs. never smoker) | |||||
| Current smoker | 0.980 (0.692, 1.387) | 2.110 (1.659, 2.683)*** | 2.570 (1.966, 3.360)*** | 2.311 (1.706, 3.130)*** | 0.640 (0.476, 0.863)** |
| Ex-smoker | 0.870 (0.668, 1.134) | 1.064 (0.872, 1.299) | 1.057 (0.841, 1.329) | 1.126 (0.875, 1.448) | 0.879 (0.695, 1.113) |
| Hay fever (vs. without hay fever) | 2.486 (2.030, 3.044)*** | 1.246 (1.051, 1.477)* | 1.351 (1.128, 1.618)** | 1.764 (1.449, 2.148)*** | 7.211 (6.047, 8.599)*** |
| COPD stage (vs. without COPD) | |||||
| GOLD stage 3 or 4 | 8.771 (5.604, 13.727)*** | 5.333 (3.644, 7.805)*** | 5.178 (3.572, 7.506)*** | 13.444 (9.272, 19.494)*** | 1.137 (0.719, 1.799) |
| GOLD stage 2 | 6.256 (4.063, 9.633)*** | 4.867 (3.388, 6.991)*** | 3.168 (2.179, 4.605)*** | 7.452 (5.171, 10.739)*** | 1.078 (0.664, 1.750) |
| GOLD stage 1 | 3.712 (2.282, 6.041)*** | 2.859 (1.962, 4.167)*** | 2.253 (1.532, 3.314)*** | 3.863 (2.497, 5.977)*** | 1.470 (0.894, 2.418) |
| Bronchial asthma (vs. without asthma) | 7.853 (5.777, 10.675)*** | 4.426 (3.489, 5.615)*** | 4.214 (3.258, 5.450)*** | 8.710 (6.668, 11.379)*** | 3.740 (2.885, 4.847)*** |
| Interaction (COPD*Asthma) | 0.135 (0.087, 0.211)*** | 0.293 (0.199, 0.431)*** | 0.317 (0.215, 0.468)*** | 0.135 (0.091, 0.198)*** | 0.477 (0.297, 0.764)** |
| Time spent outdoors (1-hr increments) | 0.977 (0.950, 1.005) | 0.997 (0.978, 1.016) | 1.001 (0.980, 1.023) | 1.012 (0.987, 1.037) | 0.963 (0.941, 0.985)** |
| Temperature (10°C increments) | 1.026 (0.930, 1.132) | 0.986 (0.925, 1.051) | 1.044 (0.969, 1.125) | 0.985 (0.902, 1.076) | 0.999 (0.922, 1.082) |
| Relative humidity (10% increments) | 0.998 (0.903, 1.102) | 1.122 (1.040, 1.210)** | 1.084 (0.999, 1.175) | 0.903 (0.828, 0.985)* | 0.859 (0.783, 0.944)** |
| Oxidants (10 ppb increments) | 1.094 (1.022, 1.171)** | 1.139 (1.083, 1.198)*** | 1.096 (1.038, 1.157)** | 1.022 (0.961, 1.087) | 1.057 (0.993, 1.125) |
| SPM (10 µg/m3 increments) | 1.005 (0.915, 1.104) | 1.030 (0.955, 1.112) | 1.013 (0.935, 1.097) | 0.951 (0.874, 1.035) | 1.095 (0.952, 1.260) |
| PM2.5 (10 µg/m3 increments) | 1.105 (0.921, 1.325) | 1.107 (0.960, 1.278) | 1.125 (0.964, 1.313) | 0.935 (0.800, 1.093) | 1.098 (0.929, 1.299) |
| ASD event (experienced) | 1.071 (0.864, 1.327) | 1.059 (0.889, 1.261) | 1.150 (0.963, 1.374) | 1.118 (0.917, 1.363) | 1.270 (1.041, 1.549)* |
Values are presented as odds ratio (95% confidence interval).
Odds ratios were adjusted by region of the survey, sex, age, body mass index (kg/m2), smoking status (current, ex- or never-smoker), COPD severity (GOLD stage 3 and 4, 2, 1 or 0), physician-diagnosed asthma, interaction between COPD and asthma, time spent outdoors (h), ambient temperature (°C), and relative humidity (%).
Symptom 1, weather affects a cough (negative=0; positive=1); Symptom 2, coughing up sputum when the subject does not have a cold (negative=0; positive=1); Symptom 3, coughing up sputum first thing in the morning (negative=0; positive=1); Symptom 4, frequent wheezing (negative=0; positive=1); Symptom 5, allergic symptoms (negative=0; positive=1); COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; GOLD, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease; SPM, suspended particulate matter; PM2.5, particulate matter <2.5 μm in diameter; ASD, Asian sand dust.
p<0.05,
p<0.01,
p<0.001.