Table 3.
Associations of variables related to demographics, lifestyle, clinical conditions, and climate with self-reported health status1
| Variables | Physical fitness | Feelings | Daily activities | Social activities | Change in health | Overall health | Pain | Quality of life |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Living in Yamaguchi area (vs. Niigata area) | 1.402 (1.159, 1.696)*** | 0.919 (0.703, 1.202) | 0.938 (0.695, 1.266) | 1.108 (0.774, 1.586) | 1.113 (0.867, 1.429) | 1.049 (0.840, 1.309) | 0.997 (0.782, 1.269) | 1.066 (0.851, 1.336) |
| Age (10-y increments) | 1.887 (1.679, 2.121)*** | 0.770 (0.649, 0.913)** | 1.148 (0.952, 1.383) | 1.137 (0.918, 1.409) | 0.854 (0.733, 0.994)* | 0.910 (0.793, 1.044) | 0.965 (0.833, 1.118) | 0.916 (0.797, 1.053) |
| Male (vs. female) | 0.467 (0.381, 0.571)*** | 0.614 (0.461, 0.819)*** | 0.716 (0.505, 1.016) | 1.230 (0.827, 1.828) | 0.767 (0.599, 0.983)* | 0.902 (0.710, 1.145) | 0.647 (0.497, 0.842)** | 0.962 (0.756, 1.223) |
| Body mass index (1 kg/m2) | 1.027 (1.002, 1.052)* | 0.990 (0.957, 1.025) | 1.005 (0.967, 1.044) | 0.962 (0.914, 1.011) | 0.985 (0.957, 1.014) | 1.005 (0.976, 1.034) | 1.041 (1.010, 1.072)** | 0.988 (0.959, 1.017) |
| Smoking status (vs. never smoker) | ||||||||
| Current smoker | 1.728 (1.335, 2.237)*** | 1.598 (1.116, 2.287)* | 1.417 (0.908, 2.211) | 1.486 (0.902, 2.450) | 0.880 (0.635, 1.221) | 0.819 (0.606, 1.108) | 1.092 (0.777, 1.536) | 0.782 (0.571, 1.072) |
| Ex-smoker | 1.402 (1.139, 1.726)** | 1.201 (0.900, 1.603) | 1.236 (0.864, 1.767) | 1.075 (0.721, 1.602) | 0.800 (0.615, 1.042) | 0.762 (0.597, 0.974)* | 1.065 (0.814, 1.393) | 0.731 (0.571, 0.935)* |
| Hay fever (vs. without hay fever) | 0.853 (0.712, 1.022) | 1.436 (1.138, 1.813)** | 1.298 (0.992, 1.697) | 1.086 (0.778, 1.515) | 1.552 (1.265, 1.906)*** | 1.413 (1.168, 1.709)*** | 1.414 (1.139, 1.754)** | 1.426 (1.171, 1.735)*** |
| COPD stage (vs. without COPD) | ||||||||
| GOLD stage 3 or 4 | 9.130 (6.129, 13.600)*** | 1.435 (0.842, 2.444) | 3.822 (2.339, 6.244)*** | 8.631 (4.966, 15.001)*** | 3.035 (1.958, 4.706)*** | 3.069 (2.046, 4.604)*** | 1.006 (0.612, 1.655) | 2.705 (1.818, 4.027)*** |
| GOLD stage 2 | 1.876 (1.329, 2.648)*** | 1.632 (0.888, 3.000) | 2.273 (1.315, 3.930)** | 2.824 (1.449, 5.504)** | 2.537 (1.622, 3.967)*** | 2.467 (1.643, 3.705)*** | 1.277 (0.791, 2.062) | 2.472 (1.611, 3.791)*** |
| GOLD stage 1 | 1.533 (1.064, 2.208)* | 1.088 (0.562, 2.105) | 1.277 (0.694, 2.350) | 1.724 (0.786, 3.781) | 1.571 (0.950, 2.600) | 1.952 (1.192, 3.197)** | 1.084 (0.614, 1.915) | 1.827 (1.067, 3.129)* |
| Bronchial asthma (vs. without asthma) | 1.149 (0.929, 1.421) | 1.727 (1.255, 2.377)*** | 1.648 (1.149, 2.363)** | 1.977 (1.297, 3.014)** | 1.953 (1.499, 2.545)*** | 1.944 (1.517, 2.491)*** | 1.585 (1.210, 2.076)*** | 2.006 (1.558, 2.584)*** |
| Interaction (COPD*Asthma) | 0.555 (0.381, 0.810)** | 0.407 (0.210, 0.787)** | 0.505 (0.283, 0.902)* | 0.437 (0.230, 0.831)* | 0.358 (0.223, 0.574)*** | 0.407 (0.263, 0.630)*** | 0.571 (0.334, 0.976)* | 0.340 (0.215, 0.539)*** |
| Time spent outdoors (1-hr increments) | 0.922 (0.899, 0.945)*** | 0.947 (0.913, 0.983)** | 0.924 (0.883, 0.966)*** | 0.843 (0.787, 0.903)*** | 1.003 (0.975, 1.032) | 0.983 (0.958, 1.009) | 0.998 (0.969, 1.027) | 0.962 (0.936, 0.989)** |
| Temperature (10°C increments) | 1.022 (0.946, 1.104) | 0.945 (0.838, 1.067) | 1.153 (0.988, 1.346) | 1.134 (0.932, 1.379) | 1.152 (1.004, 1.323)* | 1.133 (1.018, 1.261)* | 0.925 (0.832, 1.029) | 1.158 (1.032, 1.299)* |
| Relative humidity (10% increments) | 1.149 (1.059, 1.248)*** | 1.115 (0.968, 1.285) | 0.920 (0.787, 1.075) | 1.016 (0.842, 1.227) | 0.982 (0.854, 1.129) | 1.067 (0.954, 1.194) | 0.964 (0.854, 1.089) | 1.035 (0.920, 1.165) |
| Oxidants (10 ppb increments) | 1.035 (0.978, 1.095) | 1.059 (0.962, 1.165) | 1.065 (0.964, 1.178) | 1.116 (0.977, 1.275) | 1.123 (1.025, 1.232)* | 1.172 (1.085, 1.265)*** | 0.994 (0.914, 1.081) | 1.175 (1.087, 1.271)*** |
| SPM (10 µg/m3 increments) | 1.095 (1.011, 1.187)* | 1.031 (0.899, 1.183) | 1.071 (0.931, 1.233) | 0.961 (0.783, 1.178) | 1.074 (0.950, 1.213) | 1.046 (0.944, 1.158) | 1.057 (0.951, 1.174) | 1.145 (1.030, 1.273)* |
| PM2.5 (10 µg/m3 increments) | 1.217 (1.047, 1.415)* | 0.940 (0.726, 1.216) | 0.935 (0.711, 1.228) | 0.904 (0.623, 1.312) | 1.062 (0.839, 1.345) | 1.082 (0.896, 1.308) | 0.939 (0.759, 1.161) | 1.133 (0.938, 1.369) |
| ASD event (experienced) | 1.058 (0.879, 1.273) | 1.086 (0.794, 1.485) | 1.081 (0.792, 1.476) | 1.335 (0.907, 1.965) | 1.384 (1.062, 1.803)* | 1.217 (0.966, 1.534) | 1.005 (0.776, 1.300) | 1.424 (1.127, 1.800)** |
Values are presented as odds ratio (95% confidence interval).
Odds ratios were adjusted by region of the survey, sex, age, body mass index (kg/m2), smoking status (current, ex-, or never-smoker), COPD severity (GOLD stage 3 and 4, 2, 1, or 0), physician-diagnosed asthma, interaction between COPD and asthma, time spent outdoors (h), ambient temperature (°C), and relative humidity (%).
COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; GOLD, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease; SPM, suspended particulate matter; PM2.5, particulate matter <2.5 μm in diameter; ASD, Asian sand dust.
1
The Dartmouth COOP Functional Health Assessment Charts/World Organization of Family Doctors chart scores were coded as dependent variables (0=better scores [1-3 points]; 1=worse scores [4-5 points]).
*
p<0.05,
**
p<0.01,
***
p<0.001.