Table 2.

Subgroup analyses for cognition, ADL, and depression.

Outcomes	Factors	Groups	SMD and 95% CI	P value	Heterogeneity (%)	P value for heterogeneity	P value between subgroups
Cognition	Publication year	Before 2010	−0.03 (−0.37 to 0.30)	0.845	31.4	0.224	0.366
		2010 or after	0.61 (−0.24 to 1.47)	0.160	97.6	<0.001
	Country	Europe	0.31 (−0.47 to 1.08)	0.435	97.4	<0.001	0.001
		Others	0.83 (−0.28 to 1.93)	0.145	89.1	<0.001
	Sample size	≥100	0.15 (−1.18 to 1.48)	0.825	98.8	<0.001	0.286
		<100	0.57 (−0.06 to 1.21)	0.076	90.2	<0.001
	Mean age (years)	≥80.0	0.09 (−0.84 to 1.01)	0.854	96.1	<0.001	<0.001
		<80.0	0.97 (0.07 to 1.87)	0.035	96.6	<0.001
	Control	Usual	1.06 (0.35 to 1.76)	0.003	95.1	<0.001	<0.001
		Others	−0.47 (−1.56 to 0.61)	0.395	96.6	<0.001
	Treatment duration (months)	≥6	0.45 (−1.01 to 1.90)	0.548	98.6	<0.001	0.563
		<6	0.42 (−0.11 to 0.95)	0.123	88.9	<0.001
	Study quality	High	0.43 (−0.51 to 1.38)	0.371	98.0	<0.001	0.006
		Low	0.44 (0.06 to 0.83)	0.024	51.2	0.069
ADL	Publication year	Before 2010	0.18 (−0.18 to 0.54)	0.328	0.0	0.549	0.706
		2010 or after	0.59 (−0.02 to 1.21)	0.060	95.9	<0.001
	Country	Europe	0.29 (−0.28 to 0.87)	0.317	95.6	<0.001	0.001
		Others	1.13 (−0.68 to 2.94)	0.223	92.3	<0.001
	Sample size	≥100	0.37 (−0.13 to 0.88)	0.145	94.1	<0.001	0.068
		<100	0.75 (−0.98 to 2.48)	0.395	96.3	<0.001
	Mean age (years)	≥80.0	0.43 (−0.44 to 1.31)	0.334	96.6	<0.001	0.023
		<80.0	0.57 (−0.08 to 1.23)	0.088	90.7	<0.001
	Control	Usual	0.87 (0.19 to 1.54)	0.012	92.9	<0.001	0.080
		Others	0.14 (−0.76 to 1.04)	0.757	96.3	<0.001
	Treatment duration (months)	≥6	0.97 (−0.01 to 1.95)	0.053	96.5	<0.001	<0.001
		<6	0.22 (−0.43 to 0.88)	0.504	93.6	<0.001
	Study quality	High	0.56 (−0.04 to 1.15)	0.066	95.9	<0.001	0.681
		Low	0.35 (−0.16 to 0.86)	0.180	0.0	0.347
Depression	Publication year	Before 2010	−0.13 (−0.41 to 0.14)	0.337	0.0	0.805	0.555
		2010 or after	−0.85 (−1.83 to 0.12)	0.085	94.2	<0.001
	Country	Europe	−0.12 (−0.29 to 0.06)	0.191	0.0	0.778	0.003
		Others	−1.33 (−4.07 to 1.41)	0.341	96.0	<0.001
	Sample size	≥100	−0.10 (−0.29 to 0.08)	0.285	0.0	0.640	0.022
		<100	−0.94 (−2.40 to 0.52)	0.209	93.1	<0.001
	Mean age (years)	≥80.0	−0.16 (−0.37 to 0.05)	0.129	0.0	0.913	0.558
		<80.0	−1.34 (−4.03 to 1.35)	0.329	97.1	<0.001
	Control	Usual	−0.85 (−1.90 to 0.19)	0.110	94.2	<0.001	0.757
		Others	−0.17 (−0.42 to 0.08)	0.186	0.0	0.773
	Treatment duration (months)	≥6	−0.18 (−0.42 to 0.07)	0.159	0.0	0.823	0.797
		<6	−0.66 (−1.56 to 0.24)	0.153	91.4	<0.001
	Study quality	High	−0.52 (−1.06 to 0.02)	0.058	88.4	<0.001	0.440
		Low	0.05 (−0.61 to 0.71)	0.876	—	—