Table 2.
Genetic modification to enhance MSC potency in ARDS preclinical model.
| Candidate gene | ARDS preclinical model | MSC source/delivery route | Effects | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CXCR4 | Rat model of LPS-induced ALI | Bone marrow/tail vein injection | (i) Facilitate homing of MSCs to damaged lung tissue (ii) Enhance MSC inhibition of lung injury (iii) Enhance the inhibition of lung tissue inflammation |
[31] |
|
| ||||
| EP2 | Murine model of LPS-induced ALI | Bone marrow/tail vein injection | (i) Improve MSC retention in the lung (ii) Reduce LPS-induced pulmonary vascular permeability (iii) Improve lung histopathology |
[33] |
|
| ||||
| HO-1 | Rat model of LPS-induced ALI | Bone marrow/tail vein injection | (i) Attenuate LPS-induced lung injury (ii) Increase the levels of HGF, KGF, and IL-10 (iii) Improve 7-day survival rate |
[35] |
|
| ||||
| ACE2 | Murine model of LPS-induced ALI | Bone marrow/tail vein injection | (i) Improve lung histopathology (ii) Alleviate LPS-induced lung and systemic inflammation (iii) Improve pulmonary endothelial functions |
[39] |
|
| ||||
| HGF | Mouse model of radiation-inducedlung injury | Bone marrow/tail vein injection | (i) Attenuate histopathological changes (ii) Improve lung permeability (iii) Reduce secretion and expression of proinflammatory cytokines |
[42] |
|
| ||||
| Ang1 | Murine model of LPS-induced ALI | Bone marrow/jugular vein injection | (i) Improve lung histopathology (ii) Attenuate the increase in MPO activity (iii) Reduce neutrophil cell count in BALF |
[45] |
|
| ||||
| sST2 | Murine model of LPS-induced ALI | Adipose tissue/tail vein injection | (i) Attenuated pulmonary inflammation (ii) Decreased apoptosis and necrosis of bronchial tissue |
[47] |
|
| ||||
| IL-10 | Mouse model of endotoxin-induced ALI | Bone marrow/intratracheal injection | (i) Promote better survival in ALI mice (ii) Reduce BALF protein level (iii) Result in sustained enrichment of serum IL-10 and IL-10-expressing T cells |
[49] |
|
| ||||
| MnSOD | Mouse model of radiation-induced ALI | Bone marrow/tail vein injection | (i) Improved survival and lung histopathology injury (ii) Alleviate lung inflammation (iii) Exert antifibrotic effect |
[51] |
|
| ||||
| KGF | Mouse model of LPS-induced ALI | Bone marrow/tail vein injection | (i) Reduce lung wet/dry ratio (ii) Improve lung inflammation (iii) Improve lung histopathology and survival |
[54] |
|
| ||||
| Del-1 | Mouse model of LPS-induced ALI | Bone marrow/tail vein injection | (i) Reduce lung wet/dry ratio (ii) Attenuate the increase in MPO activity (iii) Alleviate lung inflammation |
[56] |
ARDS: acute respiratory distress syndrome; ALI: acute lung injury; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; CXCR4: chemokine receptor 4; EP2: E-prostanoid 2 receptor; HO-1: heme oxygenase-1; ACE2: angiotensin-converting enzyme 2; HGF: hepatocyte growth factor; Ang1: angiopoietin-1; sST2: soluble IL-1 receptor-like-1; IL-10: interleukin-10; MnSOD: manganese superoxide dismutase; KGF: keratinocyte growth factor; BALF: bronchoalveolar lavage fluid; MPO: myeloperoxidase; Del-1: developmental endothelial locus-1.