Table 5.

Long-term post-intervention data on mortality, cardiovascular (CVD) mortality and microvascular complications in the former intervention groups compared to the control groups in three randomized controlled lifestyle intervention studies.

Original Study	Mortality	Cardiovascular Mortality	Reported Microvascular Complications
China Da Qing Diabetes Prevention Follow-up Study, Lancet Diabetes and Endocrinol, Gong Q et al., 2019 [54]	In total, 26% reduction in combined intervention clinics compared to original control group	In total, 33% reduction in combined intervention clinics compared to original control group	In total, 35% reduction in composite microvascular diseases and 40% reduction in any retinopathy in combined intervention clinics compared to original control group [54]
Diabetes Prevention Program Group, Lancet Diabetes and Endocrinol, Nathan DM et al., 2015 [55]	NA	NA	No group differences. Less microvascular complications in individuals who remained non-diabetic (RR 0.72, p < 0.001), less microvascular complications in intervention women (8.7% vs. control 11.0% or metformin groups, 11.2%, p = 0.03)
The Finnish Diabetes Prevention Follow-up Study PLoS One, Uusitupa M et al., 2009 [56] Nutrients, Aro A et al., 2019 [57]	NS between the original intervention and control groups	NS between the original intervention and control groups	Less early retinopathic changes in intervention (24% vs. 38%, adjusted odds ratio 0.52; 0.28–0.97, 95% CI, p = 0.039) than in control group; a subgroup analysis based on retinal photographs.

NA: Not available.