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. 2019 Nov 17;11(11):2805. doi: 10.3390/nu11112805

Table 2.

List of seven studies that tested the effects of c-section delivery on the development of ADHD. The table describes if the studies differentiated between the types of c-sections and their effects, and finally shows the sample size and statistical significance level of the individual studies. The symbol - represents that for these studies, this information could not be found as the studies were systematic reviews. The data shows that elective vs. emergency c-sections seem to have different effects on ADHD. p levels less than 0.05 were considered statistically different.

Source Type of C-Section Effect Sample Size
(n)
Statistical Significance
(p)
[124] No differentiation Altered dopamine response - -
[126] No differentiation No effect 248 p = 0.005
[127] No differentiation No effect 12,991 p < 0.05
[128] No differentiation Positive correlation to ADHD - -
[129] Elective vs. intrapartum Only intrapartum c-sections showed a positive correlation to ADHD 1,722,548 p < 0.05
[130] Elective vs. intrapartum Only intrapartum c-sections showed a positive correlation to ADHD 671,592 p < 0.05
[131] Elective vs. intrapartum No effect 13,141 p < 0.05