Table 1.

Experimental design for the animal trial.

	Pre-treatment				Intervention
Week	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16
NC	Autoclaved water
PC	Autoclaved water				LPS in autoclaved water
TL	1% IMD in autoclaved water				LPS and 1% IMD in autoclaved water
TM	2.5% IMD in autoclaved water				LPS and 2.5% IMD in autoclaved water
TH	5% IMD in autoclaved water				LPS and 5% IMD in autoclaved water

Note: Treatment groups are referred to as follows: NC (negative control), PC (positive control), TL (low treatment dose), TM (medium treatment dose), and TH (high treatment dose). All mice received Teklad Global 14% mouse maintenance diet from Envigo for the duration of the trial. Throughout the trial, mice in the NC and PC groups received autoclaved water, while mice in the TL, TM, and TH groups received 1%, 2.5%, and 5% isomaltodextrin (IMD) in autoclaved water, respectively. Following the pre-treatment period, LPS was added to the drinking water at the beginning of week 5 in a dosage of 300 μg lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (kg body weight)/day to mice in the PC, TL, TM, and TH groups to induce chronic low-grade inflammation.