Effects of ajoene extract on muscle atrophy-associated markers in CT26 tumor-bearing mice. The mRNA expression levels of genes associated with myotube synthesis (A), muscle degradation (B), JAK/STAT3 (C), and SMADs/FoxO signaling pathways (D). Values are presented as the mean ± SEM. Statistical significance was evaluated by one-way ANOVA followed by the Duncan’s multiple range test or Student’s t-test. Means with different superscript letters are significantly different at p < 0.05 (A, C, D) and p < 0.01 (B). # p < 0.05 compared with the TC group. C, control; TC, tumor control; A5, 5 mg/kg Z-ajoene; A10, 10 mg/kg Z-ajoene (n = 5 per group).