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. 2019 Nov 4;11(11):2646. doi: 10.3390/nu11112646

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© 2019 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Effects of GSE on WAS-induced changes in tight junction (TJ) protein expression. Colonic TJ protein expression was evaluated using a ProteinSimple Wes system and normalized by VDAC1. Representative images are indicated (a). WAS increased claudin-2 (b) and reduced claudin-3 (c), and GSE prevented the elevation of claudin-2 levels. The expressions of claudin-7 (d) and ZO-1 (e) were not altered by WAS. Data are presented as the mean ± S.E.M (n = 6–7). * p < 0.05 vs. Vehicle + WAS group. GSE, grape seed extract, TJ, tight junction, VDAC1, Voltage-dependent anion-selective channel 1, WAS, water avoidance stress, ZO-1, zonula occludens-1.