Figure 5.

Correlations between colonic permeability and the parameters evaluated in rats from all treatment groups administered vehicle or GSE with or without WAS. The threshold of VMR showed a negative correlation with intestinal permeability (a). The level of IL-6 (b), IL-1β (c), TLR4 (d) or claudin-2 (e) were positively correlated to intestinal permeability. Inset indicates Pearson’s r correlation and corresponding p-value. GSE, grape seed extract, IL, interleukin, TLR4, toll-like receptor 4, VMR, visceromotor response, WAS, water avoidance stress.