Figure 3.

Summary of the current review. In humans, breakfast skipping is causally linked to obesity and late lunch (after 15:00 h) hinders weight loss, mainly in those carriers of a genetic variant in Perilipin (red arrow to the right). Late lunch eating has a deleterious effect on microbiota diversity and composition (red arrow to the right). Late dinner (within two hours before bedtime) decreases glucose tolerance (red arrow to the left). Finally, we have described some heritability studies in twins which show that dinner timing is more cultural (0% heritability), and easier to change than breakfast timing which is highly heritable (56%).