Table 2.
Descriptive statistics for the scale items (N=147).
| Statistic | Range | Mean (SD) | Variance | Skewness | Kurtosis | |
| DBCIa Engagement Scale Items | ||||||
|
|
1. “How strongly did you experience interest?” | 2-7 | 5.30 (1.09) | 1.18 | –0.30 | 0.06 |
|
|
2. “How strongly did you experience intrigue?” | 1-7 | 5.39 (1.27) | 1.61 | –0.85 | 0.50 |
|
|
3. “How strongly did you experience focus?” | 2-7 | 5.31 (1.18) | 1.40 | –0.56 | 0.14 |
|
|
4. “How strongly did you experience inattention?”b | 1-7 | 5.61 (1.33) | 1.76 | –1.24 | 1.47 |
|
|
5. “How strongly did you experience distraction?”b | 1-7 | 5.47 (1.45) | 2.10 | –1.12 | 0.86 |
|
|
6. “How strongly did you experience enjoyment?” | 1-7 | 4.46 (1.44) | 2.07 | –0.10 | –0.48 |
|
|
7. “How strongly did you experience pleasure?” | 1-7 | 3.56 (1.64) | 2.67 | 0.36 | –0.70 |
|
|
8. “How strongly did you experience annoyance?”b | 1-7 | 5.59 (1.39) | 1.93 | –1.09 | 1.08 |
|
|
9. “Which of the app’s components did you visit?” | 14.29-100.00 | 58.70 (22.00) | 484.01 | –0.12 | –0.67 |
|
|
10. “How much time do you roughly think that you spent on the app?” (seconds) | 120-1200 | 520.82 (237.21) | 56,267.82 | 0.93 | 0.96 |
| Variables used to test the scale’s construct, criterion, and incremental validity | ||||||
|
|
11. Objectively recorded depth of use | 28.57-100.00 | 66.66 (20.50) | 420.28 | –0.23 | –0.85 |
|
|
12. Objectively recorded amount of use (seconds) | 95.00-3,571.00 | 409.45 (360.71) | 130,116.72 | 5.13 | 40.34 |
| Items used to test the scale’s divergent validity | ||||||
|
|
13 “When using Drink Less, the way time passed seemed different from normal.” | 1-5 | 2.76 (0.79) | 0.62 | 0.11 | 0.10 |
|
|
14. “When using Drink Less, I was not worried about what others may have been thinking about me.” | 1-5 | 3.34 (1.16) | 1.35 | –0.24 | –1.11 |
| Variables/items used to test the scale’s predictive validity | ||||||
|
|
15. “How much did you like the app?” | 1-7 | 5.14 (1.29) | 1.66 | –0.80 | 0.82 |
|
|
16. “How engaging was the app?” | 1-7 | 5.20 (1.17) | 1.37 | –0.65 | 0.66 |
|
|
17. Subsequent login (yes vs no), n (%) | 67 (46) | N/Ac | N/A | N/A | N/A |
aDBCI: digital behavior change intervention.
bValues were reverse scored prior to the calculation of descriptive statistics.
cNot applicable.