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. 2019 Nov 28;7:811. doi: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00811

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Copyright © 2019 Lai, Chi, Thio, Han, Kao, Hsieh, Gervay-Hague and Chang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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α-LacCer suppresses α-GalCer and GSL-1-induced airway hyperreactivity. BALB/c mice were treated intranasally with 1 μg α-GalCer (A–C) or 10 μg GSL-1 (D) in the presence or absence of 1 μg α-LacCer for 24 h. (A,D) Changes in lung resistance (R_L) in response to increasing doses of methacholine [n = 6–8/group in (A); n = 3–5/group in (D)]. (B) The numbers of macrophage (Mac), neutrophil (Neu), eosinophil (Eos), and lymphocyte (Lym) in the BALF (n = 7–8). (C) The levels of IL-4 and IL-13 in the lungs assessed using ELISA (n = 4). Data are representative of three independent experiments and presented as means ± s.e.m. [^*P < 0.05, ^**P < 0.01, and ^***P < 0.001; Two-way ANOVA (A,D) and Student's t-test (B,C)].