Table 1.
General, anthropometric, and biochemical characteristics of study groups at baseline.
| Parameters | GA (N = 75) |
Guidance (N = 64) |
p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age group (year) | |||
| 20–29 | 7 (9.5) | 2 (3.2) | |
| 30–39 | 34 (44.6) | 26 (41.3) | |
| 40–49 | 29 (39.2) | 34 (52.4) | NS |
| 50–60 | 5 (6.8) | 2 (3.2) | |
| Marital Status | NS | ||
| Married | 64 (85.1) | 56 (87.5) | |
| Not married | 11 (14.9) | 8 (12.5) | |
| Education | NS | ||
| Elementary | 3 (4.1) | 2 (3.3) | |
| Secondary | 2 (2.7) | 2 (3.3) | |
| Undergraduate | 16 (21.9) | 17 (26.2) | |
| Graduate | 47 (61.6) | 40 (53.9) | |
| Post graduate | 7 (9.6) | 3 (3.5) | |
| Sex | NS | ||
| Male | 41 (54.7) | 26 (40.6) | |
| Female | 34 (45.3) | 38 (59.4) | |
| Overweight | 37 (49.3) | 24 (37.5) | NS |
| Obese | 33 (44.0) | 34 (53.1) | |
| Age (years) | 43.3 ± 6.7 | 43.4 ± 5.6 | NS |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 30.4 ± 4.3 | 32.3 ± 6.2 | 0.04 |
| Fasting Glucose (mmol/L) | 6.1 ± 0.8 | 6.0 ± 0.7 | NS |
| HbA1C | 5.6 ± 0.8 | 5.6 ± 0.6 | NS |
| Insulin (μU/mL) | 16.52 (15.7,18.1) | 16.80(16.5,20.3) | 0.06 |
| HOMA-IR | 4.36 (4.1,4.8) | 4.51 (4.2,5.3) | 0.36 |
Note: NS: p-value not significant in overall subgroups. HOMA-IR is homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance. Data presented as mean ± SD for continuous normal variables; medians (25th percentile, 75th percentile) for continuous non-normal variables; and N (%) for categorical variables. The difference between groups at baseline was calculated by independent samples t-test and Mann–Whitney U-test for Gaussian and non-Gaussian variables, respectively, and χ² test for categorical variables. p < 0.05 is taken as significant.