Table 2.
Body mass index (BMI), glycemic profile, and physical activity changes of groups over time.
| Parameters | GA (N = 75) | Guidance (N = 64) | Interaction p-Value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | 6 months | p | Baseline | 6 months | p | ||
| BMI | 30.42 ± 4.3 | 30.83 ± 4.3 | 0.02 | 32.34 ± 6.2 | 31.77 ± 6.7 | 0.002 | 0.53 |
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 6.06 ± 0.8 | 5.87 ± 1.1 | 0.15 | 6.03 ± 0.7 | 5.70 ± 1.0 | 0.01 | 0.005 |
| Hba1c (%) | 5.62 ± 0.8 | 5.41 ± 1.1 | 0.07 | 5.61 ± 0.6 | 5.35 ± 1.0 | 0.03 | 0.005 |
| Insulin (μU/mL) | 16.52 (15.7,18.1) | 15.98 (15.8,18.4) | 0.02 | 16.80 (16.5,20.3) | 16.05 (15.4,18.8) | 0.003 | 0.06 |
| HOMA-IR | 4.36 (4.1, 4.8) | 4.19 (3.8, 4.8) | 0.07 | 4.51(4.2, 5.2) | 4.09 (3.4, 4.7) | <0.01 | 0.034 |
| Moderate Physical Exercise/week | 2.00 (1.3, 3.0) | 2.00 (1.5, 2.5) | 0.89 | 2.3 (1.5, 3.0) | 2.6 (1.3, 3.6) | 0.029 | 0.07 |
| Vigorous Physical Exercise/week | 0.50 (0.3, 1.4) | 0.60 (0.3, 1.3) | 0.78 | 0.40 (0.2, 0.9) | 1.40 (1.2, 1.6) | <0.01 | 0.017 |
Note: HOMA-IR is homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance. Data presented as mean ± SD for continuous normal variables; medians (25th percentile, 75th percentile) for continuous non-normal variables. The difference within groups compared with baseline was calculated by repeated measures t-test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test for Gaussian and non-Gaussian variables, respectively. Interaction p-value represents the overall intervention effect between the groups. p-value < 0.05 is considered significant.