Table 3.
Changes over time in nutrient intakes.
| Parameters | GA (N = 75) | Guidance (N = 64) | Interaction p-Value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | 6 months | p | Baseline | 6 months | p | ||
| Energy (kcal/day) | 2285.2 (2025, 2628) | 2251.8 (1957, 2828) | 0.97 | 2230.7 (1982, 2814) | 2042.4 (1728, 2457) | 0.11 | 0.20 |
| Macronutrients | |||||||
| Carbohydrate (g/day) | 251.0 (198.7, 301.9) | 243.1 (198.5, 326.3) | 0.74 | 229.5 (197.2, 289.1) | 205.3 (149.0, 263.8) | 0.046 | 0.01 |
| Total Fiber (g/day) | 8.4 (6.2, 11.9) | 13.4 (7.5, 17.5) | 0.001 | 8.3 (5.0, 10.9) | 13.1 (11.1, 16.6) | <0.001 | 0.45 |
| Protein (g/day) | 90.2 (70.2, 107.0) | 91.4 (71.7, 106.8) | 0.78 | 91.4 (71.7, 103.8) | 82.5 (70.2, 95.2) | 0.08 | 0.05 |
| Total Fat (g/day) | 72.8 (63.1, 92.9) | 69.4 (60.3, 91.9) | 0.23 | 70.0 (59.5, 84.3) | 63.2 (57.0, 75.5) | 0.12 | 0.06 |
| SF (g/day) | 25.4 (20.8, 33.6) | 25.4 (19.8, 33.6) | 0.61 | 25.5 (19.0, 32.1) | 20.3 (14.1, 31.1) | 0.09 | 0.04 |
| MUFA (g/day) | 25.1 (23.2, 31.7) | 25.0 (20.6, 33.5) | 0.53 | 25.0 (20.2, 29.8) | 24.4 (18.7, 29.8) | 0.49 | 0.12 |
| PUFA (g/day) | 17.4 (15.4, 23.6) | 18.8 (15.4, 24.5) | 0.21 | 19.8 (16.1, 24.2) | 19.8 (16.1, 24) | 0.94 | 0.14 |
| Micronutrients | |||||||
| Vit. A (μg RAE/d) | 283.3 (253.2, 525.5) | 370.4 (287.1, 504.1) | 0.26 | 226.5 (139.9, 461.3) | 437.5 (310.6, 547.1) | 0.001 | 0.65 |
| Thiamine (mg/day) | 0.44 (0.4, 0.6) | 0.49 (0.4, 0.7) | 0.16 | 0.31 (0.2, 0.4) | 0.66 (0.5, 0.8) | <0.001 | 0.81 |
| Riboflavin (mg/day) | 0.76 (0.6, 1) | 0.80 (0.6, 1.2) | 0.09 | 0.74 (0.6, 1.0) | 1.1 (0.9, 1.5) | <0.001 | 0.01 |
| Niacin (mg/day) | 6.8 (5.4, 11.4) | 9.4 (6.7, 14.7) | 0.11 | 8.9 (5.5, 14.5) | 15.5 (12.1, 20.9) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Vitamin B6 (mg/day) | 0.51 (0.4, 0.8) | 0.67 (0.5, 1) | 0.002 | 0.69 (0.5, 0.9) | 1.0 (0.8, 1.4) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Folate (μg/day) | 95.8 (67.5, 130.8) | 115.3 (87.4, 168.6) | 0.001 | 85.8 (59.8, 121.3) | 154.0 (127.6, 188.8) | <0.001 | 0.18 |
| Vitamin B12 (μg/day) | 1.5 (0.9, 2.2) | 1.7 (0.8, 2.5) | 0.69 | 1.7 (1.2, 3.3) | 2.7 (1.8, 3.6) | 0.018 | 0.041 |
| Vitamin C (mg/day) | 48.9 (20.3, 70.2) | 45.6 (25.6, 61.9) | 0.68 | 38.0 (19.7, 49) | 47.8 (36.3, 79.6) | <0.001 | 0.77 |
| Vitamin E (mg/day) | 3.8 (2.9, 5.8) | 5.2 (3.7, 7.5) | 0.001 | 4.6 (3.5, 5.7) | 7.1 (5.4, 9.4) | <0.001 | 0.003 |
| Minerals | |||||||
| Calcium (mg/day) | 449.2 (313.5, 636.7) | 514.8 (349.2, 724.8) | 0.68 | 350.1 (243.5, 518.2) | 460.7 (366.7, 667.5) | 0.005 | 0.12 |
| Phosphorus (mg/day) | 535.8 (379, 740.5) | 629.1 (518.6, 820.6) | 0.037 | 652.8 (426.3, 886.0) | 914.2 (732.9, 1096.6) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Magnesium (mg/day) | 146.2 (125.6, 199.3) | 192.8 (156.6, 252.7) | 0.001 | 167.3 (129.5, 215.4) | 282.1 (227.7, 354.5) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Iron (mg/day) | 8.0 (6.2, 10.0) | 9.1 (6.9, 11.2) | 0.06 | 7.1 (5.1, 10.8) | 13.8 (11.6, 18) | <0.001 | 0.01 |
| Copper (μg/day) | 480 (440, 780) | 650 (490, 890) | 0.009 | 490 (345, 735) | 900 (780, 1130) | <0.001 | 0.03 |
| Sodium (g/day) | 1.9 (1.4, 2.7) | 2.2 (1.4, 2.9) | 0.32 | 2.0 (1.5, 2.5) | 3.0 (2.3, 3.4) | <0.001 | 0.01 |
| Potassium (g/day) | 1.4 (1.2, 1.8) | 1.8 (1.5, 2.2) | 0.001 | 1.4 (1.1, 2.1) | 2.6 (1.8, 3.0) | <0.001 | 0.01 |
| Zinc (mg/day) | 6.5 (5.2, 7.8) | 6.5 (5.3, 7.5) | 0.62 | 6.3 (5.1, 6.7) | 6.4 (5.4, 7.4) | 0.46 | 0.63 |
Note: The data are generated by calculating the average daily intake of macro as well as micronutrients from a three-day dietary recall of the study participants at baseline and end of study. Data are presented as median (25th percentile, 75th percentile). The difference within groups (p) at end of study was compared with baseline by Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Interaction p-value represents the difference between the groups post intervention. “SF” is saturated fat, “MUFA” and “PUFA” are mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids, respectively. p-value < 0.05 is considered significant.