Table 2.
Baseline demographic and anthropometric characteristics of the GUTS I and II participants by level of 100% OJ consumption (mean ± SD, or %).
| Characteristics | Never or <1 Glass Per Month | 1–3 Glasses per Month | 1–6 Glasses per Week | 1 Glass per Day | >1 Glass per Day | p-Trend * |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Boys | ||||||
| N | 1962 | 2890 | 5030 | 1609 | 723 | |
| Age (y) | 12.3 ± 1.8 | 12.5 ± 1.8 | 12.6 ± 1.8 | 12.5 ± 1.8 | 12.7 ± 1.8 | <0.0001 |
| Non-Hispanic white | 93.1 | 93.6 | 93.6 | 93.9 | 93.4 | 0.4612 |
| Height (cm) | 152.2 ± 14.2 | 153.7 ± 13.9 | 154.8 ± 14.1 | 154.4 ± 14.0 | 156.0 ± 14.4 | <0.0001 |
| HAZ | −0.03 ± 1.12 | 0.05 ± 1.13 | 0.08 ± 1.11 | 0.13 ± 1.10 | 0.12 ± 1.11 | 0.0001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 19.6 ± 3.9 | 19.9 ± 3.9 | 19.8 ± 3.7 | 19.5 ± 3.5 | 19.6 ± 3.5 | 0.2019 |
| BMI z-score | 0.23 ± 1.12 | 0.31 ± 1.08 | 0.28 ± 1.04 | 0.21 ± 1.05 | 0.20 ± 1.00 | 0.1019 |
| BMI-for-age percentile | 56.9 ± 30.3 | 59.3 ± 29.7 | 58.4 ± 28.9 | 56.9 ± 28.7 | 56.4 ± 28.0 | 0.1992 |
| Obese 1 | 10.2 | 10.9 | 9.30 | 7.83 | 6.78 | <0.0001 |
| Overweight/obese 1 | 24.6 | 26.9 | 24.2 | 21.6 | 19.1 | <0.0001 |
| Girls | ||||||
| N | 2875 | 3617 | 5518 | 1745 | 585 | |
| Age (y) | 12.2 ± 1.9 | 12.2 ± 1.9 | 12.2 ± 1.9 | 12.2 ± 1.9 | 12.3 ± 1.8 | 0.1421 |
| Non-Hispanic white | 93.0 | 92.6 | 93.0 | 94.0 | 90.3 | 0.8409 |
| Height (cm) | 151.3 ± 11.6 | 152.1 ± 11.4 | 152.5 ± 11.7 | 152.3 ± 11.8 | 153.2 ± 11.9 | 0.0003 |
| HAZ | −0.16 ± 1.09 | −0.07 ± 1.09 | −0.06 ± 1.07 | −0.04 ± 1.06 | −0.03 ± 1.13 | 0.0031 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 19.6 ± 3.8 | 19.8 ± 3.9 | 19.6 ± 3.6 | 19.3 ± 3.4 | 19.8 ± 3.8 | 0.4976 |
| BMI z-score | 0.13 ± 1.03 | 0.17 ± 1.01 | 0.11 ± 0.98 | 0.05 ± 0.98 | 0.15 ± 0.99 | 0.4011 |
| BMI-for-age percentile | 54.6 ± 29.0 | 55.3 ± 28.7 | 53.7 ± 28.2 | 52.2 ± 28.4 | 54.8 ± 28.1 | 0.3226 |
| Obese 1 | 6.05 | 7.22 | 5.00 | 4.00 | 6.67 | 0.0016 |
| Overweight/obese 1 | 19.3 | 20.0 | 17.2 | 15.3 | 19.3 | 0.0006 |
1 Categorization on the basis of cutoffs defined by U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2016 update). Obese: BMI-for-age ≥ 95th percentile; overweight/obese: BMI-for-age≥ 85th percentile. * For categorical variables, p-value based on Cochran–Mantel–Haenszel statistics; for continuous variables, p-value represents the trend of the linear relationship assessed from multiple comparisons based on linear contrast. GUTS, Growing Up Today Study; HAZ, height-for-age z-score; OJ, orange juice.