Table 2.
Trends in dietary nutrient intake among US adults in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 2003–2016) 1.
| 2003–2004 | 2005–2006 | 2007–2008 | 2009–2010 | 2011–2012 | 2013–2014 | 2015–2016 | p for linear trend 2 | 2003–2016 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Macro-nutrients | |||||||||
| Energy (kcal/day) | 2189.45 ± 16.35 | 2148.31 ± 24.17 | 2117.81 ± 21.41 | 2126.45 ± 23.44 | 2139.51 ± 16.80 | 2080.30 ± 15.53 | 2077.27 ± 20.61 | <0.001 | 2127.00 ± 7.49 |
| Protein (g/day) | 83.82 ± 1.07 | 84.08 ± 0.84 | 82.46 ± 0.85 | 83.30 ± 0.93 | 82.52 ± 0.61 | 83.48 ± 0.65 | 81.90 ± 0.77 | 0.129 | 83.06 ± 0.31 |
| Carbohydrate (g/day) | 265.14 ± 2.35 | 258.26 ± 2.85 | 256.73 ± 2.74 | 258.26 ± 2.56 | 260.05 ± 2.25 | 248.04 ± 2.04 | 241.08 ± 2.55 | <0.001 | 255.12 ± 0.94 |
| Total fat (g/day) | 82.87 ± 0.78 | 81.58 ± 1.23 | 80.53 ± 1.07 | 79.39 ± 1.06 | 80.61 ± 1.00 | 81.08 ± 0.71 | 82.92 ± 0.99 | 0.968 | 81.28 ± 0.38 |
| Total sugars (g/day) | 122.59 ± 1.54 | 117.65 ± 1.77 | 116.57 ± 2.40 | 115.42 ± 1.33 | 114.32 ± 1.43 | 108.51 ± 1.36 | 102.94 ± 1.63 | <0.001 | 113.79 ± 0.65 |
| Dietary fiber (g/day) | 15.67 ± 0.37 | 15.83 ± 0.21 | 16.17 ± 0.37 | 17.11 ± 0.21 | 17.87 ± 0.26 | 17.03 ± 0.20 | 17.33 ± 0.37 | <0.001 | 16.74 ± 0.12 |
| Saturated fatty acids (g/day) | 27.31 ± 0.30 | 27.24 ± 0.40 | 26.58 ± 0.42 | 25.49 ± 0.42 | 25.98 ± 0.42 | 26.27 ± 0.23 | 27.21 ± 0.38 | 0.167 | 26.64 ± 0.14 |
| Monounsaturated fatty acids (g/day) | 31.10 ± 0.31 | 29.99 ± 0.44 | 29.74 ± 0.40 | 28.52 ± 0.39 | 28.79 ± 0.36 | 28.28 ± 0.26 | 29.12 ± 0.36 | <0.001 | 29.33 ± 0.14 |
| Polyunsaturated fatty acids (g/day) | 17.47 ± 0.19 | 17.30 ± 0.33 | 17.22 ± 0.22 | 17.70 ± 0.21 | 19.24 ± 0.23 | 18.85 ± 0.23 | 19.04 ± 0.24 | <0.001 | 18.14 ± 0.09 |
| Cholesterol (g/day) | 293.08 ± 5.39 | 289.57 ± 3.75 | 292.16 ± 4.67 | 278.22 ± 4.68 | 281.89 ± 3.40 | 293.15 ± 3.80 | 298.29 ± 4.93 | 0.546 | 289.51 ± 1.69 |
| Minerals | |||||||||
| Calcium (mg/day) | 880.28 ± 16.93 | 931.71 ± 12.98 | 934.41 ± 17.68 | 1011.61 ± 10.92 | 982.95 ± 12.81 | 969.20 ± 9.13 | 954.03 ± 18.33 | <0.001 | 952.93 ± 5.51 |
| Phosphorus (mg/day) | 1335.34 ± 17.91 | 1338.62 ± 12.90 | 1336.79 ± 17.29 | 1412.72 ± 14.02 | 1404.13 ± 11.98 | 1395.84 ± 11.84 | 1379.40 ± 18.44 | <0.001 | 1372.64 ± 5.69 |
| Magnesium (mg/day) | 279.88 ± 4.76 | 297.93 ± 2.87 | 293.42 ± 5.30 | 305.19 ± 3.14 | 307.12 ± 3.91 | 302.42 ± 3.42 | 304.25 ± 4.59 | <0.001 | 298.84 ± 1.60 |
| Iron (mg/day) | 16.07 ± 0.22 | 16.21 ± 0.14 | 15.55 ± 0.29 | 15.63 ± 0.12 | 15.43 ± 0.11 | 14.63 ± 0.12 | 14.03 ± 0.17 | <0.001 | 15.34 ± 0.07 |
| Zinc (mg/day) | 12.24 ± 0.22 | 12.67 ± 0.20 | 12.17 ± 0.22 | 12.04 ± 0.16 | 11.35 ± 0.13 | 11.24 ± 0.08 | 11.20 ± 0.15 | <0.001 | 11.83 ± 0.07 |
| Copper (mg/day) | 1.27 ± 0.02 | 1.39 ± 0.01 | 1.34 ± 0.02 | 1.32 ± 0.01 | 1.30 ± 0.02 | 1.22 ± 0.01 | 1.25 ± 0.02 | <0.001 | 1.30 ± 0.01 |
| Sodium (mg/day) | 3482.76 ± 32.48 | 3482.98 ± 38.03 | 3452.07 ± 42.64 | 3588.35 ± 33.23 | 3544.16 ± 27.54 | 3499.96 ± 22.59 | 3501.33 ± 34.88 | 0.323 | 3507.86 ± 12.61 |
| Potassium (mg/day) | 2722.75 ± 33.32 | 2706.15 ± 26.25 | 2653.48 ± 36.98 | 2763.75 ± 27.61 | 2754.59 ± 34.18 | 2647.47 ± 29.15 | 2634.85 ± 33.13 | 0.086 | 2696.81 ± 11.89 |
| Selenium (µg/day) | 111.24 ± 1.42 | 111.35 ± 1.39 | 111.77 ± 1.22 | 113.70 ± 1.32 | 114.86 ± 1.11 | 117.35 ± 0.95 | 115.34 ± 1.15 | <0.001 | 113.73 ± 0.47 |
| Vitamins | |||||||||
| Vitamin A (µg/day) | 614.12 ± 13.28 | 635.36 ± 9.33 | 632.65 ± 17.75 | 654.41 ± 12.14 | 664.99 ± 27.07 | 640.34 ± 12.63 | 636.44 ± 10.53 | 0.098 | 640.06 ± 5.98 |
| Vitamin B1 (mg/day) | 1.68 ± 0.02 | 1.68 ± 0.01 | 1.65 ± 0.03 | 1.68 ± 0.01 | 1.63 ± 0.01 | 1.63 ± 0.02 | 1.58 ± 0.02 | <0.001 | 1.65 ± 0.01 |
| Vitamin B2(mg/day) | 2.27 ± 0.04 | 2.26 ± 0.02 | 2.22 ± 0.04 | 2.17 ± 0.03 | 2.13 ± 0.03 | 2.18 ± 0.03 | 2.16 ± 0.03 | 0.002 | 2.20 ± 0.01 |
| Vitamin B3 (mg/day) | 24.69 ± 0.34 | 25.77 ± 0.23 | 25.46 ± 0.34 | 26.20 ± 0.22 | 25.83 ± 0.28 | 26.56 ± 0.23 | 25.80 ± 0.29 | 0.002 | 25.77 ± 0.11 |
| Vitamin B6 (mg/day) | 1.91 ± 0.03 | 2.04 ± 0.02 | 2.03 ± 0.03 | 2.14 ± 0.01 | 2.16 ± 0.03 | 2.23 ± 0.03 | 2.11 ± 0.03 | <0.001 | 2.09 ± 0.01 |
| Vitamin B12 (µg/day) | 5.34 ± 0.17 | 5.66 ± 0.13 | 5.50 ± 0.14 | 5.44 ± 0.07 | 5.21 ± 0.12 | 5.02 ± 0.07 | 5.06 ± 0.14 | 0.002 | 5.30 ± 0.05 |
| Folate DFE (µg/day) | 545.98 ± 9.71 | 549.10 ± 7.00 | 549.69 ± 13.16 | 556.54 ± 4.99 | 559.13 ± 5.65 | 528.22 ± 7.03 | 515.96 ± 8.71 | 0.006 | 541.91 ± 3.12 |
| Vitamin C (mg/day) | 87.83 ± 2.89 | 87.52 ± 1.72 | 85.15 ± 3.47 | 86.28 ± 1.43 | 84.33 ± 3.39 | 79.13 ± 1.50 | 78.32 ± 2.18 | <0.001 | 84.00 ± 0.91 |
| Vitamin D (µg/day) | NA | NA | 4.41 ± 0.09 | 5.14 ± 0.10 | 4.66 ± 0.11 | 4.79 ± 0.11 | 4.59 ± 0.10 | 0.973 | 4.72 ± 0.04 |
| Vitamin E (mg/day) | 7.05 ± 0.10 | 7.32 ± 0.11 | 7.61 ± 0.17 | 7.98 ± 0.09 | 8.81 ± 0.14 | 9.23 ± 0.16 | 9.14 ± 0.20 | <0.001 | 8.19 ± 0.06 |
| Vitamin K (µg/day) | 94.76 ± 2.06 | 102.45 ± 3.44 | 98.57 ± 3.99 | 104.49 ± 2.33 | 132.53 ± 11.54 | 119.34 ± 2.86 | 119.55 ± 3.48 | 0.092 | 110.59 ± 2.05 |
| Choline (mg/day) | NA | 331.37 ± 2.76 | 324.84 ± 4.21 | 338.88 ± 4.56 | 331.06 ± 3.46 | 336.50 ± 3.88 | 335.98 ± 3.65 | 0.088 | 333.18 ± 1.55 |
| Alpha-carotene (µg/day) | 384.36 ± 16.66 | 382.54 ± 17.58 | 403.69 ± 26.39 | 438.66 ± 17.71 | 497.44 ± 49.08 | 419.71 ± 20.37 | 409.56 ± 26.23 | 0.034 | 420.01 ± 10.43 |
| Beta-carotene (µg/day) | 2064.80 ± 71.57 | 2026.06 ± 65.44 | 2076.97 ± 103.97 | 2244.24 ± 60.66 | 2561.42 ± 183.22 | 2287.28 ± 85.81 | 2219.79 ± 73.79 | 0.007 | 2214.97 ± 38.90 |
| Beta-cryptoxanthin (µg/day) | 141.72 ± 7.10 | 133.44 ± 4.96 | 77.28 ± 5.15 | 87.09 ± 4.48 | 81.12 ± 2.30 | 83.96 ± 2.78 | 86.66 ± 4.71 | <0.001 | 98.04 ± 1.76 |
| Lycopene (µg/day) | 6535.77 ± 360.40 | 5465.93 ± 149.11 | 5772.08 ± 136.63 | 5526.56 ± 220.14 | 5301.55 ± 195.18 | 4948.96 ± 104.30 | 5301.69 ± 163.12 | <0.001 | 5536.28 ± 73.08 |
| Lutein + zeaxanthin (µg/day) | 1456.81 ± 57.89 | 1426.52 ± 49.92 | 1409.49 ± 69.36 | 1534.59 ± 53.95 | 1785.77 ± 109.23 | 1644.09 ± 56.81 | 1633.81 ± 63.41 | 0.001 | 1559.04 ± 26.66 |
| Caffeine (mg/day) | 179.51 ± 7.30 | 179.80 ± 5.67 | 178.94 ± 8.62 | 170.02 ± 7.06 | 165.10 ± 7.11 | 159.56 ± 5.13 | 166.78 ± 4.63 | 0.004 | 171.16 ± 2.51 |
| Theobromine (mg/day) | 41.75 ± 1.53 | 37.73 ± 1.44 | 38.77 ± 1.54 | 38.30 ± 1.00 | 35.90 ± 1.75 | 37.47 ± 1.18 | 32.44 ± 1.07 | <0.001 | 37.39 ± 0.53 |
| Percentage of energy | |||||||||
| Protein (%, kcal) | 17.2% | 17.8% | 18.4% | 17.8% | 17.5% | 18.4% | 18.3% | 0.266 | 17.9% |
| Carbohydrate (%, kcal) | 53.9% | 54.6% | 57.1% | 54.7% | 54.4% | 54.6% | 53.7% | 0.356 | 54.7% |
| Total fat (%, kcal) | 37.5% | 38.1% | 39.9% | 37.3% | 37.4% | 39.7% | 41.0% | 0.273 | 38.7% |
| Total Sugars (%, kcal) | 25.0% | 24.9% | 26.0% | 24.5% | 24.1% | 24.1% | 23.2% | 0.109 | 24.5% |
| Saturated fatty acids (%, kcal) | 12.9% | 13.3% | 13.8% | 12.7% | 12.6% | 13.4% | 14.0% | 0.322 | 13.3% |
| Monounsaturated fatty acids (%, kcal) | 14.3% | 14.3% | 15.0% | 13.7% | 13.6% | 14.2% | 14.8% | 0.919 | 14.3% |
| Polyunsaturated fatty acids (%, kcal) | 8.5% | 8.7% | 9.2% | 8.9% | 9.4% | 9.7% | 9.9% | 0.191 | 9.2% |
NA, not available. DFE, dietary folate equivalents. 1 Values are weighted means ± standard error (SE), determined with adjustment for the complex sampling design of NHANES. 2 p for linear trend for the overall F test for each variable from survey-weighted linear regression.