Table 2.

Determinants for cardiovascular events using the Cox proportional hazards model (univariable analysis).

Parameters	Univariable
	HR (95% CI)	p
Age (per 1 year)	1.035 (1.022–1.047)	<0.001
Male gender	1.422 (1.084–1.864)	0.011
Hypertension	2.435 (1.680–3.528)	<0.001
Dyslipidemia	1.057 (0.786–1.420)	0.715
Retinopathy	1.615 (0.997–2.618)	0.052
Neuropathy	1.425 (1.004–2.023)	0.048
Nephropathy	1.924 (1.201–3.082)	0.007
Coronary artery disease	8.524 (5.528–13.144)	<0.001
Stroke	2.924 (0.727–11.767)	0.131
Peripheral artery disease	17.399 (5.566–54.390)	<0.001
DM duration > 5 years	1.508 (0.930–2.445)	0.096
Hypoglycemia episode	2.238 (1.345–3.724)	0.002
Laboratory parameters
Fasting glucose (per 1 mg/dL)	1.003 (1.001–1.005)	0.001
Hemoglobin A1c (per 1%)	1.069 (0.996–1.146)	0.064
Triglyceride (log per 1 mg/dL)	1.387 (1.125–1.709)	0.002
Total cholesterol (per 1 mg/dL)	1.001 (0.999–1.004)	0.310
HDL-cholesterol (per 1 mg/dL)	0.971 (0.958–0.983)	<0.001
LDL-cholesterol (per 1 mg/dL)	0.999 (0.995–1.004)	0.776
eGFR (per 1 mL/min/1.73 m2)	0.979 (0.975–0.984)	<0.001
TyG index (per 1)	1.342 (1.136–1.586)	<0.001
UACR (per 10 mg/g)	1.005 (1.003–1.006)	<0.001
Medications
ACEI and/or ARB use	2.838 (1.967–4.094)	<0.001
Anti-hypertensive drugs use	3.774 (2.685–5.304)	<0.001
Aspirin use	3.066 (2.334–4.027)	<0.001
Statin and/or fibrate use	1.664 (1.191–2.325)	0.003
Sulfonyurea use	0.891 (0.664–1.196)	0.443
Metformin use	0.514 (0.382–0.690)	<0.001
Meglitinides use	1.921 (1.393–2.649)	<0.001
Pioglitazone use	0.995 (0.753–1.315)	0.974
Acarbose use	1.683 (1.256–2.255)	<0.001
DPP-4 inhibitor use	0.792 (0.590–1.062)	0.120
Insulin use	2.450 (1.872–3.207)	<0.001

Values expressed as hazard ratios and 95% confidence interval (CI). Abbreviations are the same as in Table 1.