Table 3.
Effects of LY6E and uPAR on viral infection.
| Protein Name | Virus Name | Family of Virus | Effect on Infection | Mechanism of Action | Experimental System | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| uPAR | HIV-1 | Lentivirus | Enhanced | 1. Facilitate HIV-1 enzymatic processing of Env; 2. Promote HIV-1 cell-to-cell transmission; 3. Enhance macrophage adhesion. |
Macrophages | [92,94,95,103,104] |
| Human respiratory syncytial virus | Orthopneumovirus | Resistant | Unknown | C57BL/6 mice | [107] | |
| Influenza A virus (IAV) | Orthomyxovirus | Resistant | Unknown | C57BL/6 mice | [107] | |
| CD59 | HBV | Hepadnavirus | Enhanced | 1.Promotes CDC to cause persistent liver inflammation; 2. Prevents CDC in hepatoma and hepatic cells that express HBV-X protein. |
HBV BALB/c mice, BEL7402, HL7702, HepG2 cells | [61,108,109] |
| Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) | Herpesvirus | Enhanced | Incorporated into viral particles and confers CDC resistance. | Human Foreskin Fibroblasts (HFF) | [110] | |
| Varicella-zoster Virus (VZV) | Herpesvirus | Enhanced | Upregulated upon VZV infection to protect against CDC. | Human T-cells, xenograft SCID-hu mice, satellite glial cells, | [111] | |
| EBV | Herpesvirus | Resistant | Decreased CD59 expression to allow for CD8+T-cell lysis via complement. | Primary T-lymphocytes from acute infectious mononucleosis | [60] | |
| Herpesvirus saimiri (HVS) | Herpesvirus | Enhanced | HVS encodes CD59 mimic protein to evade CDC. | BALB/3T3 | [112,113] | |
| Kaposi’s sarcoma associated herpesvirus (KSHV) | Herpesvirus | Enhanced | Downregulation by KSHV to confer CDC resistance. | Human umbilical vein endothelial cells, microvascular endothelial cells | [114] | |
| Human Herpesvirus-7 (HHV-7) | Herpesvirus | Enhanced | HHV-7 infection upregulates CD59 to confer partial CDC resistance. | SupT1, PBMC | [115] | |
| Human T-cell lymphotropic Virus Type 1 (HTLV-1) | Retrovirus | Enhanced | Incorporated into viral particles and confers CDC resistance. | MT-2 cells, | [110] | |
| Porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV) | Retrovirus | - | Incorporated into viral particles but is not sufficient for CDC resistance. | ST-IOWA porcine cells | [116] | |
| HIV-1 | Lentivirus | Enhanced | 1. Incorporated into viral particle upon the budding; 2. Incorporation confers ADCML and CDC resistance; 3. Decreased CD59 expression upon HIV-1 infection in CD4+ alveolar macrophages; 4. Co-localizes with gp120/gp41 within lipid rafts. |
CEM, H9, U937, CHO, Jurkat, alveolar macrophages | [117,118,119,120,121,122,123] | |
| Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) | Flavivirus | Enhanced | Selective incorporation into viral particles and confers ADCML resistance. | Huh7.5.1 cells | [124,125] | |
| Dengue Virus (DENV) | Flavivirus | Restricted | Decreases MAC assembly to reduce tissue damage in Dengue Fever (DF) | PBMC | [126,127] | |
| Enhanced | Monocytes are more susceptible to DENV infection. | |||||
| Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) | Orthopneumovirus | - | Incorporated into virus filaments. | HepG2 cells | [128] | |
| Influenza A virus (IAV) | Orthomyxovirus | Enhanced | Increases lung inflammation and neutrophil and CD4+T-cell infiltration. | CD59a KO mice, | [129] | |
| Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) | Coronavirus | Enhanced | Associated with virions and downregulated upon infection to facilitate particle release and resist CDC. | H1299, Vero, DF1 cells | [130] | |
| Echovirus | Picronavirus | Enhanced | Facilitates infection but not virus binding. | Rhabdomyosarcoma cells | [131] | |
| Vaccinia Virus (VV) | Poxvirus | Enhanced | Incorporated into viral particle to evade CDC. | RK13, CV-1, HeLa Aortic rat endothelial cells | [132,133] | |
| Parainfluenza Virus 5 (PIV5) | Paramyxovirus | Enhanced | TGF-b treatment increases CD59 expression in PIV5 progeny virions conferring CDC resistance. | CV-1, MDBK, Vero, A549, HeLa cell Lines | [134] |
“Enhanced” denotes viral infection being increased by CD59 or uPAR; “Resistant” denotes viral infection being decreased by CD59 or uPAR. “-” denotes no or minimal effects of CD59 or uPAR on viral infections. CDC—complement dependent cytolysis; ADCML—antibody dependent complement-mediated lysis.