Table 2.
Association between VFA and macronutrient change over 2 years.
| Change in VFA | Adjusted by Model 1 a | Adjusted by Model 2 b | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | β (s.e.) | p | β (s.e.) | p | ||
| Number of participants | 203(79/124) | 213(67/146) | 208(114/94) | ||||||
| Baseline age (y) | 55.0 ± 13.6 | 54.7 ± 14.6 | 54.2 ± 13.3 | ||||||
| Visceral fat mass (Δcm2) | −9.1 ± 5.2 | 0.6 ± 2.2 | 10.9 ± 6.7 | ||||||
| Energy (Δkcal/d) | −1.5 ± 226.4 | 15.0 ± 199.7 | 21.2 ± 224.3 | 0.002 | (0.002) | 0.239 | - | - | - |
| Macronutrient: | |||||||||
| Protein (Δg/d) | 0.72 ± 10.80 | 2.29 ± 10.26 | 0.99 ± 11.17 | 0.043 | (0.033) | 0.193 | 0.033 | (0.055) | 0.548 |
| Fat (Δg/d) | 0.62 ± 8.78 | 0.97 ± 7.78 | 0.82 ± 8.56 | 0.057 | (0.043) | 0.186 | 0.042 | (0.066) | 0.527 |
| Carbohydrate (Δg/d) | −2.83 ± 31.90 | −1.10 ± 29.38 | 0.99 ± 34.22 | 0.005 | (0.011) | 0.632 | −0.035 | (0.022) | 0.108 |
p < 0.05, p < 0.01 and p < 0.001 are indicated by “*”, “**” and “***”, respectively. Data are mean ± SD. β was regression coefficient. a Model 1 was adjusted by age, sex, VFA, and amount of each macronutrient (protein, fat, and carbohydrate) ingested at baseline, and the change in the amount of exercise, BMI, WC, and smoking habit. b Model 2 was adjusted by age, gender, VFA, and amount of each macronutrient (protein, fat, and carbohydrate) ingested at baseline, and the change in the amount of exercise, BMI, WC, smoking habit, and energy intake.