Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study participants with DM with and without incident symptomatic PAD in the Malmö Diet and Cancer cohort. Data are n (%), mean (SD) or median (IQR).
| Incident PAD, DM (n = 136) | No PAD, DM
(n = 976) |
p value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Male sex (%) | 87 (64) | 475 (49) | 0.001 |
| Age (years) | 61.37 (6.26) | 60.72 (6.90) | 0.294 |
| Total energy intake (kcal/day) | 2090 (589.06) | 2191 (677.10) | 0.136 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.74 (4.36) | 28.15 (4.76) | 0.419 |
| Hypertension | 129 (94.9) | 878 (90.3) | 0.086 |
| Alcohol consumption | 0.950 | ||
| <265 g/week | 52 (38.2) | 343 (35.1) | |
| 265–722 | 43 (31.6) | 368 (37.7) | |
| >722 | 41 (30.1) | 265 (27.2) | |
| Smoking status | <0.001 | ||
| Never | 28 (20.7) | 373 (38.3) | |
| Former or current | 107 (79.3) | 602 (61.7) | |
| Leisure-time physical activity | 0.149 | ||
| <447.5 MET-h/week | 77 (57.9) | 497 (51.4) | |
| 447.5–742.5 | 37 (27.8) | 299 (30.9) | |
| >742.5 | 19 (14.3) | 171 (17.7) | |
| Educational level | 0.140 | ||
| <9 years | 77 (56.6) | 482 (49.6) | |
| Elementary (9–10 years) ± upper secondary school (9–13 years) | 39 (28.7) | 320 (33.0) | |
| University | 20 (14.7) | 169 (17.4) | |
| Saturated fat (E%) | 14.31 (3.71) | 14.74 (3.74) | 0.328 |
| Polyunsaturated fat (E%) | 6.23 (1.47) | 6.09 (1.58) | 0.414 |
| Fish and shellfish (g/week) | 248.93 (244.83) | 300.64 (267.60) | 0.036 |
| Fiber (g/MJ) | 2.36 (0.78) | 2.35 (0.74) | 0.923 |
| Fruits and berries (g/1000 kcal) | 78.68 (63.88) | 81.55 (59.73) | 0.479 |
| Vegetables (g/1000 kcal) | 85.29 (64.44) | 83.97 (59.63) | 0.659 |
| Sucrose (E%) | 5.26 (2.67) | 5.92 (3.35) | 0.107 |
| Whole grains (servings/1000 kcal) | 0.23 (0.36) | 0.28 (0.32) | 0.814 |
| Refined grains (servings/1000 kcal) | 1.12 (0.61) | 1.10 (0.55) | 0.848 |
BMI, body mass index; DM, diabetes mellitus; IQR, interquartile range; MET, metabolic equivalent of task; PAD, peripheral arterial disease; SD, standard deviation.