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Schematic diagram illustrating that PlGF signaling regulates EC barrier function through G6PD/PPP. PlGF/VEGFR1 or PlGF/VEGF-VEGFR1/R2 signaling regulates EC barrier function (e.g., tight junction and adherens junction proteins) through G6PD/PPP and antioxidant. The regulatory mechanism that VEGF-VEGFR2 signaling regulates EC barrier function or vascular permeability is different. The intracellular molecules that mediate the signaling transduction are unclear.
