Table 1.
Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of participants
| Characteristics | Cognitive training group (n = 15) | Exercise training group (n = 16) | Functional task exercise group (n = 14) | Waitlist control group (n = 14) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, yearsa, [range/mean (SD)] | 62–86/76.93 (6.79) | 68–88/77.94 (6.11) | 64–85/71.57 (7.43) | 60–89/75.14 (8.53) | 0.250 |
| Gendera, n (%), (female/male) | 8 (53.3)/7 (46.7) | 8 (50)/8 (50) | 10 (71.4)/4 (28.6) | 9 (64.3)/5 (35.7) | 0.643 |
| Education levela, n (%), (illiterate/primary/secondary/tertiary) | 4 (26.7)/6 (40)/5 (33.3) | 5 (31.3)/3 (18.8)/7 (43.8) | 4 (28.6)/5 (35.7)/4 (28.6)/1 (7.1) | 3 (21.4)/7 (50)/3 (21.4)/1 (7.1) | 0.772 |
| Social statusa, n (%), (living with family/alone) | 9 (60)/6 (40) | 12 (75)/4 (25) | 12 (85.7)/2 (14.3) | 12 (85.7)/2 (14.3) | 0.365 |
| Exercise per daya, n (%), (0/< 30 min/> 30 min) | 3 (20)/3 (20)/8 (53.3) | 3 (18.8)/4 (25)/9 (56.3) | 3 (21.4)/4 (28.6)/7 (50) | 1 (7.1)/5 (35.7)/8 (57.1) | 0.946 |
| Ambulatory levela, n (%), (unaided/with stick) | 13 (86.7)/2 (13.3) | 13 (81.3)/3 (18.8) | 10 (71.4)/4 (28.6) | 13 (92.9)/1 (7.1) | 0.512 |
| NCSE domain normalb, [mean (SD)] | 6.8 (1.78) | 7.0 (2.03) | 7.50 (1.74) | 6.79 (1.48) | 0.510 |
| NCSE composite scoreb, [mean (SD)] | 61.27 (9.24) | 61.19 (13.54) | 65.78 (9.34) | 62.14 (8.46) | 0.622 |
| CVVLT total free recallb, [mean (SD)] | 14.93 (3.95) | 15.50 (4.70) | 15.93 (6.84) | 15.00 (4.88) | 0.936 |
| CVVLT 30 s delayed recallb, [mean (SD)] | 2.87 (2.13) | 3.50 (1.86) | 4.07 (2.09) | 4.57 (1.65) | 0.133 |
| CVVLT 10 min delayed recallb, [mean (SD)] | 1.60 (1.96) | 2.19 (2.07) | 3.21 (2.49) | 2.57 (2.41) | 0.288 |
| TMT-A, secondsb, [mean (SD)] | 122.87 (80.96) | 126.19 (89.48) | 96.21 (45.53) | 115.71 (66.75) | 0.826 |
| TMT-B, secondsb, [mean (SD)] | 238.93 (89.79) | 225.25 (77.46) | 188.86 (92.64) | 202.35 (82.91) | 0.411 |
| Lawton IADLb, [mean (SD)] | 17.93 (5.71) | 17.81 (4.56) | 20.42 (2.50) | 18.64 (4.94) | 0.391 |
| ZBIb, [mean (SD)] | 25.2 (9.65) | 28.67 (10.97) | 18.83 (11.37) | 25.00 (8.84) | 0.340 |
NCSE Neurobehavioral Cognitive Status Examination, CVVLT Chinese Version Verbal Learning Test, TMT-A Trail Making Test-part A, TMT-B Trail Making Test-part B, Lawton IADL Lawton Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Scale, ZBI Zarit Burden Interview
aFisher’s exact test
bKruskal-Wallis test