Table 2.
Outcome comparisons at baseline and post-intervention
| Measures | Cognitive training group (n = 15) | Exercise training group (n = 16) | Functional task exercise group (n = 14) | Waitlist control group (n = 14) | p value (group) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-test mean (SD) | Post-test mean (SD) | Gain score mean (SD) (95% CI) | Pre-test mean (SD) | Post-test mean (SD) | Gain score mean (SD) (95% CI) | Pre-test mean (SD) | Post-test mean (SD) | Gain score mean (SD) (95% CI) | Pre-test mean (SD) | Post-test mean (SD) | Gain score mean (SD) (95% CI) | ||
| NCSE domain normal | 6.8 (1.78) | 6.40 (2.20) | − 0.40 (1.24) (− 1.08–0.28) | 7.0 (2.03) | 6.94 (1.95) | − 0.06 (1.12) (− 0.66–0.53) | 7.50 (1.74) | 7.57 (1.78) | 0.07 (1.07) (− 0.54–0.69) | 6.79 (1.48) | 6.43 (1.74) | − 0.35 (1.15) (− 1.02–0.30) | 0.653 |
| p value# | 0.223 | 0.873 | 0.803 | 0.272 | |||||||||
| NCSE composite score | 61.27 (9.24) | 58.80 (11.01) | − 2.46 (5.69) (− 5.61–0.68) | 61.19 (13.54) | 60.69 (11.33) | − 5.00 (6.02) (− 3.70–2.70) | 65.78 (9.34) | 66.14 (9.71) | 0.35 (4.89) (− 2.46–3.18) | 62.14 (8.46) | 59.57 (8.46) | − 2.57 (4.05) (− 4.91 to − 0.23) | 0.785 |
| p value# | 0.153 | 0.660 | 0.789 | 0.033* | |||||||||
| CVVLT total free recall | 14.93 (3.95) | 14.80 (5.45) | − 1.33 (4.14) (− 2.42–2.15) | 15.50 (4.70) | 13.69 (5.52) | − 1.81 (5.94) (− 4.97–1.35) | 15.93 (6.84) | 20.57 (6.74) | 4.64 (4.67) (1.94–7.33) | 15.00 (4.88) | 16.43 (4.85) | 1.43 (3.11) (− 0.36–3.22) | 0.009** |
| p value# | 0.893 | 0.241 | 0.006** | 0.103 | |||||||||
| CVVLT 30s delayed recall | 2.87 (2.13) | 3.60 (1.96) | 0.73 (2.09) (− 0.42–1.88) | 3.50 (1.86) | 2.94 (2.02) | − 0.56 (2.16) (− 1.71–0.58) | 4.07 (2.09) | 5.28 (2.73) | 1.21 (1.88) (0.12–2.30) | 4.57 (1.65) | 4.29 (2.55) | − 0.28 (1.54) (− 1.17–0.60) | 0.096 |
| p value# | 0.182 | 0.286 | 0.038* | 0.433 | |||||||||
| CVVLT 10 min delayed recall | 1.60 (1.96) | 2.07 (2.02) | 0.47 (1.64) (−0.44–1.37) | 2.19 (2.07) | 2.00 (2.07) | − 0.19 (1.38) (− 0.92–0.54) | 3.21 (2.49) | 4.78 (2.99) | 1.57 (1.95) (0.44–2.69) | 2.57 (2.41) | 2.93 (2.84) | 0.36 (1.86) (− 0.71–1.43) | 0.071 |
| p value# | 0.131 | 0.469 | 0.015* | 0.340 | |||||||||
| TMT-A | 122.87 (80.96) | 126.13 (83.71) | 3.27 (67.41) (− 34.06–40.59) | 126.19 (89.48) | 126.00 (77.51) | − 0.188 (30.17) (− 16.26–15.89) | 96.21 (45.53) | 70.36 (31.02) | − 25.14 (28.15) (− 41.39 to − 8.88) | 115.71 (66.75) | 116.50 (71.76) | 0.79 (33.89) (− 18.78–20.35) | 0.085 |
| p value# | 0.937 | 0.889 | 0.006** | 0.695 | |||||||||
| TMT-B | 238.93 (89.79) | 235.60 (86.67) | − 2.67 (31.40) (− 20.05–14.72) | 225.25 (77.46) | 213.69 (93.16) | − 11.56 (63.61) (− 45.45–22.33) | 188.86 (92.64) | 155.71 (98.17) | − 33.14 (56.97) (− 66.03 to − 0.25) | 202.35 (82.91) | 225.43 (80.24) | 1.07 (57.63) (− 32.20–34.5) | 0.095 |
| p value# | 1.000 | 0.674 | 0.023* | 0.139 | |||||||||
| Lawton IADL | 17.93 (5.71) | 17.80 (6.11) | − 0.13 (2.45) (− 1.48–1.22) | 17.81 (4.56) | 18.50 (3.98) | 0.69 (2.15) (− 0.45–1.83) | 20.42 (2.50) | 22.50 (3.13) | 2.07 (1.77) (1.04–3.09) | 18.64 (4.94) | 18.14 (4.87) | − 0.50 (1.83) (− 1.55–0.55) | 0.005** |
| p value# | 1.000 | 0.287 | 0.005** | 0.234 | |||||||||
| ZBI | 25.2 (9.65) | 38.40 (27.56) | 13.20 (23.78) (− 16.33–42.73) | 28.67 (10.97) | 30.56 (12.89) | 1.89 (6.86) (− 3.38–7.16) | 18.83 (11.37) | 13.67 (13.92) | − 5.16 (6.74) (− 12.23–1.90) | 25.00 (8.84) | 24.38 (9.43) | − 0.63 (1.19) (− 1.61–0.36) | 0.037* |
| p value# | 0.285 | 0.655 | 0.042* | 0.180 | |||||||||
CI confidence interval, NCSE Neurobehavioral Cognitive Status Examination, CVVLT Chinese Version Verbal Learning Test, TMT-A Trail Making Test-part A, TMT-B Trail Making Test-part B, Lawton IADL Lawton Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Scale, ZBI Zarit Burden Interview
p value# = within-group effects (by time): *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01
p value (group) = between-group effects: *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01