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. 2019 Dec 4;45:157. doi: 10.1186/s13052-019-0734-7

Table 1.

LEVELS OF SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE

I Evidence from several randomised controlled clinical trials, systematic reviews of randomised trials and/or international guidelines
II Evidence from one adequately designed randomised clinical trial
III Evidence from non-randomised cohort studies with concurrent or historical controls, or meta-analyses including this type of studies
IV Evidence from retrospective case-controlled studies, or meta-analyses including this type of studies
V Evidence from case series with no control group
VI Evidence based on the opinion of recognised experts or expert panels, as indicated in guidelines or consensus conferences, based on the opinion of the panel.